THEORY

Postmortem changes in fish - Nucleotide degrading enzymes – ATP related compounds, factors affecting ATP degradation, ATPase, AMP deaminase, 5 Nucleotidase, Nucleotide phosphorylase, Xanthine oxidases- Mechanisms of spoilage of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and their impact on fish quality and safety.

Muscle proteins – classification, structure, contraction, Myosin – Functions- ATPase activity, actin binding and thick filament formation, Implications on processing – Instability, prevention of denaturation

Proteinases – Acid/aspartyl – pepsin, chymosin, gastriscin, Serine – trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, Thiol/cysteine – cathepsin B, Metalloproteinases – Types, properties and applications 

Lipid degrading enzymes – Lipases – lipoprotein, hepatic, pancreatic, gastric, Fish lipases, Lipases in seafood, Phospholipases A1, A2 and C, Fish phospholipases, Phospholipase activity in fish postharvest technology

Enzymes affecting fish texture - Endogenous enzymes – cathepsins, calpains, transglutaminases, Cathepsins – Types B. L, L-like and Cystatins, properties, autolysis, tenderization, sources, effects on rigormortis, tenderization, gelation, softening, surimi processing

Enzymes affecting seafood flavour – Aroma biogenesis - Lipoxygenases – occurrence in fish, chemical structure, mode of action, properties, significance in flavour formation

Spoilage enzymes – TMAO degrading enzymes – ATP degrading enzymes- distribution, physiological significance – factors affecting distribution – degradation products, Polyphenol oxidase - Melanosis – enzyme characteristics, economic losses, biochemistry, control measures – processing and inhibitors. 

THEORY

Seafood authentication – Seafood fraud – Types of fraud – Transhipment, overtreatment, mislabelling, and colour alteration

Mislabelling – Species substitution – Low valued fish, Geographic origin, Genetically modified fish – Food safety issues and regulations

Methods of detection – DNA based methods – DNA sequencing and Non – DNA sequencing, RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, satellite DNA, SSCP, DGGE, selective amplification, quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR, microarray, high – throughput assay, Instrumental methods – NMR

Foreign protein adulteration – protein based methods – electrophoresis and immunological

DNA bar-coding – Species substitution, detection – mini barcodes, Databases – Fish Trace, Fish Gen, AFLP, validation, Fish DB, RFE, etc

Bioinformatics in fish industry – its applications, bioinformatics related to genomics, proteomics, or metabolomics 

THEORY

Introduction to global legislation, Role of codex, WTO redressal mechanism, GATT, SPS Agreements, Regulations on IUU fish catch, Traceability

EU legislation –Regulations of food safety issues – Directive conditions – Decisions on importations – Legislations related to fishery products

US legislation – Four Acts of food safety issues – Food safety hazards – Sustainable Fishery Act - Legislations related to fishery products- Food safety modernization Act

Important private regulations – ISO, BRC, FSSC, GFSI, SQF

Canadian legislation – Fish Inspection Act – Freshwater fish marketing Act - Legislations for fishery products

Australian legislation – Fisheries Act – Fisheries Management Act - Legislations for fishery products

Japanese legislation – Guidelines for fish – Food sanitation law – Specifications, standards and testing methods

THEORY

Nutraceutical quality of fish and shellfish – chemical composition – minerals, extractives, lipids and sterols

Marine lipids – nutritional aspects, dietary intake, health benefits, Nutraceutical lipids – food applications. Fish body oil, fish liver oil, seal blubber oil, microalgae oil

Omega-3 fatty acids – Properties – thermal and rheological, Concentration of omega 3 fatty acids – chromatographic, supercritical, low temperature crystallization, distillation, enzymatic, solubility differences, urea complexation, enzymatic methods

Fish processing discards - Fish protein hydrolysates – collagen and gelatin – bioactive peptides – Enzymatic production – Food processing and gastrointestinal digestion – potential health benefits 

Marine algae – carotenoids – Phycobilins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, sulphated polysaccharides – Structure, occurrence and functional properties 

Chitin and chitosan – chitosan oligomers – glucosamine, chontroitin sulphate, squalene – functional benefits and food applications

Functional activities – antioxidative, hypolipidemia, hypocholesterolemia, immune modulatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-arthritic, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective properties

THEORY

Pathogens – Gram-positive bacteria  - cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, Gram negative bacteria – outer membrane, periplasmic membrane, protein secretion system, endospores, Viruses – structure – types of viruses, Parasites – Types

Pathogenesis mechanisms – Infective dose, host pathogen interaction, molecular pathogenesis, molecular mechanism, mode of action, intracellular growth, Specific virulence factors – adhesion – fimbrial and non fimbrial, biofilms, colonization factors, invasion factors, capsules and other surface components

Intoxications – Toxins - endotoxins – structure, biological activity, detection – Genetic regulation and secretion systems of virulence factors – pathogencity islands, protein secretion systems, regulation of genes, exotoxins, siderophores, Epilogue

Specific seafood borne pathogens – Staphylococcus aureus – Virulence factors, enterotoxins, molecular regulation, pathogenesis

Clostridium – pathogenesis, toxins, genetic regulation

Listeria monocytogenes – Pathogenesis – intestinal phase of infection, attachment, entry, phagosomes, intracellular growth, cell-to-cell spread, regulations

Escherichia coli – Serotypes and virotypes, pathogenesis, virulence factors, regulation- Role and significance of indicator organisms in fish safety

THEORY

Introduction to physical quality testing of fishery products, Different methods, Dielectric properties – fischtester, torrymeter

Vis/NIR spectroscopy – Principle and assessment of constituents, freshness, safety and authentication

Differential scanning calorimetry – Principle and assessment of fish quality and safety. Colour measurement – instrumentation, methods of colour evaluation, colour measurement in fish

Texture measurement – muscle structure, quality prediction, Image processing – quality characteristics, spectral signatures, elastic properties – freshness and firmness determination

NMR spectroscopy – chemical composition, finger printing and authentication, Two dimensional gel electrophoresis – protein studies

Flavour active compounds – Desirable fresh flavours, pre and post harvest taints - Distillation and solvent extraction, headspace analysis, gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy

Biosensors - seafood aroma – Sensor array technology – different types of sensors- chemical and physical sensors – Applications – Advantages and disadvantages

THEORY

Introduction – Genetic toxicology – types, Chromosomal change, human genetic damage, Carcinogenicity – forms of cancer, Mechanisms

Reproductive toxicity – Classification of chemicals, directives, effects on fertility, developmental toxicity, lactation

Immunotoxicology – Types of immunity, hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, transplants, vaccination, skin toxicology – potency, dermatitis, UV radiation, peroxisomes 

Respiratory toxicology – lung damage, asthma, lung cancer, Hepatotoxicity – mechanism of cellular injury, pattern of response, detection

Nephrotoxicity – toxic nephropathies, metal toxicology, mycotoxins, pesticide

Neurotoxicity, Radio nuclides – Types, interaction with biological effects, rates of exposure, metabolism 

Biocides and pesticides – Types, organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamates, insecticides – nicotinoids, pyrethroids. Fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides – mechanism of action, biomarkers 

THEORY

Introduction – Aquaculture products –Food Safety issues – Hazards and Risks 

Biological hazards – Parasites, pathogenic bacteria, viruses and other biological toxins 

Chemical hazards – Agrochemicals- fertilizers, disinfectants, oxidizing agents, flocculants, osmoregulators, pesticides, herbicides, algicides, fungicides, antioxidants, veterinary drugs – antibiotics, growth promoters, probiotics, prebiotics and other feed additives- antimicrobial agents – residues in edible tissues- human health considerations

Environmental hazards – biological, organic, chemical pollutions, habitat modifications, Metals from soil, industrial wastes, sewage and manures, antifoulants 

Strategies for food safety assurance - Risk assessment, application of the HACCP to aquaculture practices- site selection, water quality, feed supply, production, verification procedures, record keeping unit 

Standards for aquaculture products - Ban on Indian aqua products, Emerging zoonotic diseases, genetically modified fish – diagnosis, food safety issues

Knowledge gaps and research needs in chemical and biological hazards, Strategies for management and control - Shared responsibility, Food safety assurance, Safe food processing, Food safety education, Safe use of chemicals in aquaculture

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.

THEORY

THEORY

Definitions and measurement: Methods, scales and indices of biodiversity assessment.

Biodiversity (microalgae to aquatic vertebrates) of any three of the following or similar ecosystem: Chilka Lake, Narmada river system, Gangetic system, Jaykwadi reservoir, Himalayan lake, Himalayan river, Hooghly Maltah estuarine system, Coramandondal coast, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Malabar upwelling, Bhitarkanika.

Threats to biodiversity: Overexploitation, land reclamation, pollution, habitation, conversion of agricultural land and aquacultural farms (case studies pertaining to any sensitive marine/estuarine/freshwater hot spots). 

Conservation and Restoration: Declaration of mangrove sanctuaries and mangrove afforestation, marine protected areas, Ganga Action Plan, introduction of exotic species and their implications, potential consequences and conflicts of linking rivers.

Impacts of anthropogenic intervention on aquatic biodiversity: Damming of rivers, construction of sea walls, micro hydel power stations, oil rigs.

Legal regimes of biodiversity: International and national conventions and Acts for biodiversity

Institutionalization of biodiversity conservation (Such as creation of Biodiversity Boards/Authority.

THEORY

History and development of analytical models, Analytical models, its history and development

Application of Beverton and Holt’s, Thompson and Bell models in trophics.

Logistic models of Schaefer and Fox.

Prey predator models. 4. Stock recruitment models of Ricker, Beverton and Holt.

Bioeconomic modeling.

Ecopath and ecosim models.

THEORY

Marine parks, marine protected areas, biosphere reserves, closed seasons

Cryopreservation of exploited and endangered species.

Fishing regulation policies - A critique on the draft Indian Fisheries policy. A critical appraisal of Inland Fisheries Legislation of any two states of India.

Protection of habitat of corals, mangrove, seaweeds, sea grass beds. Implementation of square cod end mesh – to reduce by-catch

Legal proceedings / implementation for protection of exploited and endangered fishery resources.

Total allowable catch, regulation of mesh size for conservation of exploited fishery resources.

Management of major reservoirs of India, optimal stocking and production of cultivable resources.

THEORY

Type of coral reefs and their distribution.

Origin of coral reefs – coral reefs of the world.

Ecology of coral reefs, factors influencing growth, productivity of coral reefs, plants and animals associates of living reef corals and fringing reefs.

Nutrition, production, larval dispersal and settlement of corals.

Soft coral type and their ecology.

Bioactive substances of soft and hard corals, sedimentation in coral reef environment.

Economic importance of coral reefs.

THEORY

Critically important climatic factors (temperature, rainfall and wind pattern / monsoon influencing aquatic (inland and marine) productivity and production.

Remotely sensed SST, Chlorophyll and Wind pattern features of Indian seas used in locating Potential Fish Zones (PFZ).

Influence of rainfall intensity, its seasonal and annual variations on fish migration, breeding, recruitment and production. (Correlation of rainfall data from IMD and catch data on fishes from same region for bringing out the impact of rain on production).

Optimum water quality parameters prescribed for various water bodies (marine and inland) for different user groups including fisheries.

Environmental Impact Assessment of various anthropogenic causes, domestic and industrial water discharge into waters and their impact on fisheries. Tannery discharge and its impact on fisheries.

Status, structure and trophic profile (at primary, secondary and tertiary levels) of four typical water bodies: i) Marine, ii) Estuarine iii) Reservoir iv) River in relation to nutrient profile, plankton profile and oxygen profile in spatial and temporal terms.

THEORY

THEORY

Over- capacity (excessive fishing efforts), Over exploitation. By-catch and Discards.

IUU (Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported) Fishing. Problems encountered in Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS).

Ghost fishing, destructive fishing practices.

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.

THEORY

THEORY

Approaches of Fisheries and Aquaculture Extension: A critical analysis of different approaches, Extension programmes of corporate sector, the concept importance and implications of livelihood extension, Technology Base of Aquaculture Extension : Importance and relevance of indigenous knowledge system, identification and documentation of ITK, Integration of ITK system with formation research, Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS), significance of theories of social learning for extension practice, Cyber Extension: Concept of cyber extension, national and international cases on extension projects using ICT and their impacts.

Economics of Fisheries and Aquaculture extension: National investments in extension, impacts of fisheries / aquaculture extension, alternative methods of financing fisheries / aquaculture extension, privatization of fisheries / aquaculture extension – scope, limitations and experiences and cases, Implications of GATT agreement for extension services, reorientation of extension services for agri-business and marketing activities, GOI-NGO collaboration to improve

Efficiency of extension. Extension and contemporary issues: issues related to rural poverty, environmental protection of farm and home, bio-diversity, sustainable development, food and nutritional security, recent advances in biotechnology. Analysis of ITK system, cases on integration of ITK and formal research, Analysis of cases on cyber extension and privatization of extension: pattern and success stories

THEORY

Monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment - importance and scope in fisheries programmes, conceptual frameworks, results frameworks and logic models, Quantitative and qualitative indicators – characteristics and their selection criteria, indicators and information systems for sustainable fisheries development - testing and improving indicators, Integration of M and E systems into development programmes.

Difference between outcome and impact, Types of impact assessment : Climate impact assessment, Demographic impact assessment, Development impact, assessment, Ecological impact assessment, Economic and fiscal impact assessment, Environmental auditing, Environmental impact assessment, Environmental management systems, Health impact assessment, Project evaluation, Public consultation, Public participation ,Risk assessment, Social impact assessment, Strategic impact assessment, Technology assessment, Equality impact assessment.

Impact assessment methods: Types-Within-without, Before-after, Case study, Participatory, Social Auditing, Steps: Quantifying the impact parameters, Identification of data sources and their types, Sampling design, Data generation, Analysis, Report writing

THEORY

Measurement - concept, importance, levels and their properties, Reliability: concept, importance, types - split half, parallel form, test-retest reliability, interpretation of reliability coefficients, Validity: concept and types - content, criterion related, construct, concurrent and predictive validity.

Development and standardisation of tests and scales - knowledge test, types of time test,  Difficulty index, discrimination index, point biserial correlation and scoring, Item analysis: concept and use in behavioural research, interpretation of research data, Intelligence tests: definition, types and scoring method, Projective tests: Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach’s ink plot test, words association test, etc.

Content analysis - method and scope, Critical incident technique – method and application, Sociometry – concept, types like sociogram, sociometric indices and matrices, their applications, Semantic differential technique, Psychometric analysis, Q Methodology, H-Technique.

Scaling techniques, concept, construction and use of attitude statements, Method of Paired Comparison - Thurstone's Contribution, development of scale with 'F' 'P' and 'Z' Matrices, calculation of scale values, tests of significance, administration and scoring, Method of Equal Appearing Intervals - rational, development, sorting procedures, calculation of scale and 'Q' values, administration and scoring, Method of Successive Intervals - rational, development, estimating intervals widths, determining scale values, internal consistency check, administration and scoring, Method of Summated Rating - rational, development and procedure for selection of items, interpretation of 'T' scores and administration.

Scalogram Analysis – rational, unidimensionality of the scale, Cornell technique and other methods of scalogram analysis, coefficient of reproducibility, scale and non-scale types and their administration, Scale Discrimination Technique - development of this technique, obtaining scale and 't' values and advantages of scale discrimination technique.

Non-Parametric Tests - meaning and types, one sample runs test of randomness, sign test, wilcoxon signed rank test, wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, Cochran Q test, Spearman rank order correlation coefficient, Kendall rank order correlation coefficient and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance.

THEORY

Meaning and scope of extension service system and its management, Public administration and bureaucracy - concepts, origin and development, Marxian, Weberian and Gandhian thoughts on bureaucracy, bureaucratic vs. developmental organisation

Processes of management- POSDCORB, Structure, organisation, function, working and management of public extension service agencies like DoFs, FFDA, BFDA, MPEDA, NFDB, NABARD, Fisheries Development Corporations, State Fish Seed Development Corporations, KVKs, SAUs, Fisheries Co-operatives, international agencies, corporate sector, private organizations and MNCs.

Delegation of power, autonomy and organisational communication and conflicts in  governmental, UN agencies, non-governmental and private extension service organisations, Conflicting roles and responsibilities of extension agents.

Organisational communication – meaning, methods, types and techniques, functions and importance in motivation and control, formal and informal communication networks in GOs, NGOs and POs, behaviour of individuals in organisations, Organisational change and communication, patterns of communication of organisational communication, managing organizational communication in fisheries sector.

Research, extension and client systems linkages, linkages and coordination between Dept. of Fisheries and other line Depts. like Irrigation / Water Resources, Environment, Forestry, Agriculture at grassroots, District, State and Central levels, HRD policy in governmental, non-governmental and private extension service organizations. Strengthening governance - transparency, accountability and people’s participation.

THEORY

Training tools: Expectation setting, Course design, Icebreakers, climate setting and team building exercises, Monitoring and evaluation, Follow up.  Commodity System Assessment  Methodology: Formation of interdisciplinary team, Developing preproduction, production, post harvest, marketing and service delivery strategies, Workshops: Coordination committee, Expected output, Institutional support, baseline document, Resource persons, Selection of participants, Developing workshop agenda, Conducting the workshop. 

Collection of missing information, Checklist for organizing a workshop, Training Manual-Documenting Good Management Practices: challenges, emerging knowledge, Indigenous knowledge, synthesis.

Distance Learning: Identification of potential learners, Defining learning objectives, Designing learning materials, marketing, Implementation, Monitoring and evaluation, Designing programmes for community radio, Farmer field school: Origins of the Farmer field school, Description of a typical Farmer field school, FAO support for Farmer field schools in Asia, Costs and benefits of the Farmer field school.

Teaching and learning process in extension education. Its characteristics, steps in extension education process, setting up of learning situation, guides to effective extension teaching, Recent research findings in instructional technology, Manpower planning in fisheries – administration -teaching – research and extension activities. Research studies in fisheries training.

THEORY

Social life of fishers: Family, religion and caste among others, Economic, political and cultural organisation of fishers, demographic aspects, Social  stratification, poverty and economic  equality among fishers, social mobility and migration, social and economic relationship between fishers and nonfishers, Capacity development and social capital.

Rural development in India - concept and history, role of fisheries in rural development,  Leadership and leaders in fisheries – types, their roles and function, identification, training and development of local leaders, Role of change agents, Indicators of social change and their measurement, Review of significant research findings.

Social change and social conflict in fisheries: concept and theories of social change,  modernisation and social change in fisheries, impact of urbanisation, impact of trade liberalisation and globalisation, forms and content of social conflict in fisheries, conflict between traditional/small scale and modern mechanised fishers, conflict over inland and coastal aquatic resources, role of the State and international community in aquatic resources management and conflict resolution, extension and development programmes for fishers, role and functions of FFDA, BFDA and fisheries research institutes/colleges.

Gender issues in fisheries: concept of gender, feminist movements, theories of gender inequality, empowerment discourse, division of labour between men and women, relationship between social class and gender, gender differences in socialisation, educational attainment and social mobility. Women and men in small scale fisheries and processing sector, Ergonomics and health issues, fishers and coastal resources management, technological changes and their implications for fishers, fishery cooperatives and empowerment, development programmes for fishers, globalisation and women fishers, policy issues.

THEORY

Concept of information communication technology and its role in fisheries  development. Information communication technologies –print and electronic media, email, Internet, video and teleconferencing, computer assisted instructions, touch screens, micro computers and web technologies. Information kiosks. Networking system of information- type of network-PAN, LAN, Can, MAN, WAN, AGRINEt, e-Governance. Cyber extension.  Extension through virtual mode, e-learning. Agricultural technology Information Centres (ATIC), technology parks. Management Information System in fisheries extension. Use of expert system in fisheries  extension.

Internet in fisheries extension with specific reference to communication technology Internet – email – voicemail – teletext – videotext – tele and video conferencing and its application.

THEORY

Understanding fisheries and aquaculture extension and development systems in South Asian countries and South East Asian countries - Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar, China, Extension system in Japan, Linkages between Research and Development system in these countries, Status of fishing communities in these countries.

Analysing mission, approaches and achievements of fisheries development organizations: World Fish Centre, International Collective in Support of Fish Workers (ICSF), International Fishmeal and Oil Manufacturers Association (IFOMA), Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), National Marine Fisheries Service of USA, Fisheries Division of FAO, World Fish Forum, Asia-Pacific Fisheries Commission (APFIC), Committee for Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture of Africa (CIFAA) Commission for Inland Fisheries of Latin America (COPESCAL), European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI), Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission (WECAFC),

THEORY

Introduction to ergonomics and its multidisciplinary approach.

Human machine - environment interface, work study, posture, ergonomics aspects of environment: illumination, sound, temperature, humidity, radiant heat, air velocity, body dimensions, anthropometry and workplace design, fatigue, occupational health studies.

Application of ergonomics in fisheries and agriculture sector.

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.

THEORY

THEORY

General principles of separation of micro and macro molecules, selection of appropriate tools for analysis of fish samples. Outlines of common techniques involved in biochemical analysis. 

Centrifugation techniques: types of centrifugation, concept of Svedberg unit, analytical ultracentrifuge. 

Filtration technique: different types of filtration, types of filters and means of using them.

Spectroscopic techniques: Principles, UV, Visible and IR spectroscopy, spectro-fluorimetry, flame photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, ICP- AES, mass spectrometer. 

Electrophoretic techniques:  General principles, Classification, Paper electrophoresis, Native and reduced PAGE, IEF, capillary electrophoresis, 2D Gel electrophoresis. 

Chromatographic Techniques: General principles, types of chromatography - adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, molecular sieve, affinity, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography. 

Gas chromatography: Theory and instrumentation. 

THEORY

Definition of functional properties and their importance in proteins from fish.  Typical functional    properties of proteins in food system. 

Protein structure and function:  Protein folding and non-covalent forces stabilizing protein structure with special reference to hydrophobic interactions.  Free energy and entropy concept in relation to hydrophobic interaction.  Surface hydrophobicity and its relation to functional properties.  Estimation of surface hydrophobicity and total hydrophobicity. 

Solubility and water sorption of proteins:  Factors affecting protein hydration.  Viscosity in relation to protein hydration: Methods of estimating viscosity. 

Gelation: Definition of gel, mechanism of formation of gel, factors affecting the gel formation. Evaluation of gelling capacity- thermal, rheological and microscopy. 

Surfactant properties: emulsifying and foaming. Importance of emulsifying properties of proteins.  Theoretical concept of emulsion capacity and stability.  Interfacial properties,  adsorption from solution. Methods of estimating surface tension. 

Emulsion instability: Creaming, sedimentation, aggregation vs Brownian aggregation.  DLVO theory, microemulsions.  Methods for estimation of emulsion capacity and stability. 

Macromoleculear absorption and different stages of foaming. Foam stability in relation to proteins structure.  Foaming ability of different protein systems with case studies. 

THEORY

Quality Management Systems: The concept of total quality management. The principles of TQM. Zero defect planning, Quality circle, Quality link, Quality culture. Statistical Quality Control. Quality as related to preprocess handling, transportation, processing and storage. 

Quality evaluation techniques for seafood: Physical, chemical. Bacteriological and Instrumental methods of quality evaluation. Sensory evaluation. 

Quality standards: National and International – Codex, USFDA, EU norms, ISO, BIS etc. standards for fish and fishery products. 

Seafood Quality Assurance and Quality Assurance Systems: Good Manufacturing (GMP) and Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) - Codex guidelines. The concept of HACCP in seafood safety. HACCP team Management role and CCPs and implementation procedure for HACCP- ISO 22000 FSMS. ISO 9000 series of  standards. Cold schedule and hotschedule for handling perishable commodities

Validation of methods for quality assurance- Method selection, Quality check, inter-lab comparision, proficiency testing. Primary standards. Reference standards. Reference material (RM), Certified Reference Material (CRM) and Standard Reference Material (SRM), Uncertainty and Calculation of Uncertainty of Measurements. 

Sample Accountability: Sampling plan -probability sampling and non- probability sampling. 

THEORY

Public health microbiology- Food borne pathogens: Salmonella, Shigella, Entero-pathogenic  E. coli, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, Staph aureus and Vibrio cholerae, V. parahemolyticus.  Emerging food-borne pathogens. Water- borne, Air-borne and food-borne diseases. 

Microbial virulence- infectious diseases. Virulence. 

Microbial toxin production-opportunists and true pathogens. 

Methods for detection: Rapid detection and indirect detection methods of pathogens and parasites.  Method validation. 

Antimicrobial systems and food preservation: ecological concepts: Lactoperoxidase. Nisin, Lysozyme, Bacteriocins. 

Norms for using antimicrobial systems in food processing and preservation. Food Safety, Risk analysis. Potential health hazards and risks associated with fish products. 

Packaging and modified atmosphere on the microbiology and shelf life of fishery products. 

THEORY

Nutritional importance of fish meal and quality requirements -Raw material quality and changes during processing and storage. 

Nutritional importance of fish oil and methods to impart stability to fish oils on storage, Unsaponifiables in fish liver oils. 

Production of fish flour, quality standards and applications. 

Different methods of production of FPC, Different types of FPC, and their specifications.

Enzyme hydrolysis of fish, fish hydrolysates, fish peptones, hydrolysates enriched food beverages. 

Food flavour from tiny prawns and non-penaeid prawns.

Formulation of pet food. 

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.

THEORY

THEORY

Theory of consumer behaviour: concepts, analytical approaches, limitations and applications, demand theory, demand functions.  Recent developments in the theory of demand constant elasticity demand function.  Utility functions - separable and additive, homogenous and homothetic functions, direct and indirect.

Basic theory of the firm: concepts, production functions, isoquants derivations and applications, optimization behaviour – alternative models, short run and long run cost functions; total price effect-substitution effect, output effect and profit maximization effect, joint products-concepts and constrained  optimization.

Extended theory of the firm: homogenous production functions; constant elasticity of substitution production functions-concepts, properties, equilibrium analysis and applications; duality in production, production under uncertainty, linear production functions for single and multi output cases.

Commodity market equilibrium-short run, long run, differential cost conditions; theory of cost,  cost functions, taxation applications. Theory of welfare: - Criteria of social welfare, Determination of welfare maximizing out put-mix, Commodity distribution and resources allocation.

National income, Consumption, Investment Function and Multiplier Price level, inflation, CPI, WSPI, in the economy. The concept of full employment, inflationary gap. Multiplier and accelerator analysis, Monetary and fiscal policies, Taxes and expenditure. 

THEORY

Fisheries marketing definition and scope, functions of fish marketing, Markets and market structure, Government and Co-operative in fisheries marketing , integration, marketing efficiency, marketing cost and price spread, marketing planning, marketing strategy, marketing research, Marketing infrastructure, Marketing regulations, constraints and approaches to fish marketing development.

Supply Chain Management Concepts and Evolution, value addition in fish marketing. Constraints and approaches to SCM in fisheries sector. Vertical integration and its effect on price determination. Domestic and external markets for fisheries products. Indian fisheries intervention

Developing marketing strategies. Advanced studies of marketing information system and e-marketing, fish-business. Dynamics and innovations in fisheries marketing system. Applications of econometric  methods of analysis for the study of market behaviours. Market intelligence, its need, analysis and dissemination.

Principles of price determination. Price difference and variability, price analysis, price elasticities, Price determination of fish and fishery products, characteristics of demand and supply of fish and fishery product , supply responses, seasonality, online trading, future trading, price support measures. Price stabilisation policies.

Seafood and aquaculture markets world-wide, Marketing channels, Economies of scale, Economics of processing, Economic feasibility and Business Plan Development. Policies and regulations that affect aquaculture marketing and distribution. Indian seafood and aquaculture marketing environment.

THEORY

Economics, Statistics and Econometrics. Representation of economic phenomenon, relationship among economic variables, linear and non-linear economic models. Regression and Correlation; Partial correlation; The normality assumption (Classical Normal Linear regression Model Nature of Regression Analysis – Simple regression, multiple regression and their assumptions.

Basic concepts of matrix algebra, differentiation, integration and probability distribution theory; Correlation matrix, residual variance, coefficient of multiple correlation, standard errors of co-efficient estimates  and their uses in regression, analysis of partial correlation and its uses in interpreting regression co-efficients.

Hypothesis testing, Estimation inference; Ordinary least squares – deriving normal equations, assumptions and properties of OLS; Estimation and interpretation coefficients; Large sample properties – Maximum Likelihood Estimation; Violation of basic assumption of OLS and remedies. 

Multicollinearity, Heteroscedasticity, Autocorrelation, Normality assumption; Use of Dummy Variables – Simultaneous equation model; Time Series Analysis; Basic Econometric Modeling. 

THEORY

Planning in India-Objectives, allocation, achievements and bottlenecks of Indian plans, Strategy of Indian planning, resource Mobilization. 

Fisheries Development and policy under the plans, Fisheries schemes; Centrally and State sponsored schemes. Different sectoral schemes, Agriculture policies, Need for a separate fishery policy. Leasing policies for inland water bodes and brackish water bodies in different states, Input Policy, Financing and Credit Policy, fish marketing and pricing policy, Export –Import Policy.

Types of planning, Stages in the planning process, Planning models. Planning for utilization of surplus resources including manpower. 

Subsidies in Fisheries, regional disparities, poverty and unemployment in India with respect to the fisherfolk. Policies, sectoral study of capture and culture fisheries.

THEORY

Production economics- nature and scope, approaches terms and concepts Different production relationship – factor- product, factor - factor, product Farm management. Risk and uncertainty, productions and cost concept.

Mathematical analysis of production relationship – concept of production function, different types, characteristics, economics Implications, economic optimum and physical optimum, decision make with multiple variables.

Decision making with no risk, with risk, Technology, Input use and factor share, Farm business analysis economic efficiency in fish production, yield gap, yield penalties and yield declines.

Economic aspects of different aquaculture production systems in India and abroad.

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Marine Capture fishery resources – cost concepts applied to capture fisheries – economic analysis of fishing – production function in marine capture fisheries. Introduction the economics of Fisheries Management – Commercial fisheries as a system – Management of Fisheries – Rational fishery management – Management Planning – Goals and Policy objectives – strategies.

Brief review of the basic concepts of Fisheries Management – Biological aspects, economic aspects and social considerations – Constraints under which small-scale fisheries operate – likely effects of human interventions. 

Biological, economic and social aspects of multispecies fisheries management – increase of fishing effort – Consequences of innovations, subsides and changes  in fisheries costs and the value of yields – Regulation of fishing effort and control of catch capacities – economic mechanisms for the control of fishing.

Key issues for fisheries management and development – objectives, policies and strategies for fisheries development – principles and techniques of fisheries management. Strategies for sustainable marine capture fisheries development

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries; Multivariate normal distribution; Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA; Likelihood Methods; Concept of Principal component analysis; Canonical correlation and Path coefficients; Discriminant analysis; Factor analysis and Cluster analysis; Transformations; Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test; Use of computer software for data analysis; Survival analysis.

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Factors effecting productivity of aquatic ecosystems and their interactions, phosphorus, nitrogen and silica cycles, minor metallic elements, organic matter in lake waters. Dynamics of flowing water, Indices of productivity, pollution index – usefulness and limitations.

Eutrophication – causative factors, effects on water quality, fish and other biota, measures to control the lake degradation due to eutrophication.

Biomanipulation: Concept and approaches- studies on Planktivorous,Benthivorous and Omnivorous fish. Biological control of macrophyte and eutrophication.

Biomonitoring of aquatic environment, scope and process, Bioindicator organisms and their Characteristics, Assessment of water quality through bioindicators.

Global warming and green house effects- process and impact on aquatic environment, Integrated environment management (IEM), Role of human element in IEM, Analytical Behavior Analysis Approach (ABAA) for IEM.

Natural disasters: formation, causes and effects, effects on aquatic habitat and coastal population, Concerns and management, mitigation process, preparedness, Anthropogenic activities leading to environmental disasters. Man-made aquatic environmental degradation, effects on aquatic life.

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Pollution Control: Cleaner technologies, Reducing environmental impact of industrial effluents, Toxic site reclamation.

Microbial transformation of toxic metals, Removal of spilled oil and grease deposits, ‘Biorational’ or ‘Environmentally Safe’ weed and pest control, Bio-fertilizers, Bio-sensors and biochips to detect environmental pollutants.

Application of biotechnological tools in biomonitoring of aquatic environment, Renewable or bio-energy and bio-fuels from aquatic environment, Energy and fuel production using micro-organisms, Production of food: Single cell protein, Algal biotechnology for production of food, Use of microbes for improving soil fertility, biodegradation.

Biodiversity and its conservation: Current levels of biodiversity, alpha, beta biodiversity, in situ and ex situ conservation-gene banks, species conservation. 

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Benthic habitat- rocks, reefs, marshes and sediments that form the habitat, recycling of nutrients and the burial and storage of organic matter.

Community ecology, Physical, chemical and biological factors effecting benthic population, abundance and distribution of benthic communities of major groups- their life cycles, food and feeding habits and ecological significance, Role in maintaining ecological balance, Recruitment dynamics, Predator prey interaction, Invasive species.

Human impacts, modification of coastal habitats, and major alterations of biogeochemical cycles, contaminants, Benthic organisms as pollution indicators and biomonitors.

Use of benthos in environmental impact assessment- case studies-useful biodiversity indices using benthos  in EIA.  

THEORY

Definition of an estuary, Buoyancy input as freshwater.

Dynamics of the gravitational circulation, Mixing of fresh and salt water, Sources of energy for mixing. Estuarine circulation, Richardson number. Contributions to the salt flux.

Simplified salt balance using the steady state salinity distribution to predict the concentration of a pollutant. Freshwater fraction. The flushing time of an estuary and methods of determining it.

Waves in shallow waters, transformation, refraction and reflection, Mass transport. Return flow. Rip current. Long shore currents. Momentum balance.

Sediment transport. Base studies on sedimentation in Estuaries effects of man –made structures and breakwaters on coastal sedimentation. Standing waves and harbor resonance.

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Concepts of production, measurements of rate of production – oxygen technique, radiotracer technique (C14), in-situ measurements.

Phytoplankton production in an isolated, non isolated communities in flowing and standing waters, measurement of rates of production from changes in phytoplankton biomass.

Measurement of photosynthesis under laboratory conditions, factors regulating aquatic production, The role of Enzymes in relation to photosynthesis, The photosynthetic pigments, their location in the chloroplast, The role of accessory pigments during photosynthesis, Molecular organisation of chlorophylls, phycobilins and carotenoids, Pigment degradation products – phaeopigments – phaeophytin and phaeophorbides.

Chloroplast – structure and function of grana and lamellae. Structure of chloroplast membrane – in relation to energy coupling and transport.

Application of remote sensing in studies on chlorophyll and other pigments.

Production rates – direct measurement of zooplankton reproduction – marking populations. Laboratory measurements of physiology of zooplankton – feeding, respiration and excretion.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Process, evaluation and methodology, Social Impact Assessment (SIA) as a part of EIA-principals and process, EIA of aquacultural projects, coastal industries and other developmental activities.

Environmental audit: Concept, setting up an audit programme, typical audit process, carrying out the audit, benefits of environmental auditing, Environmental audit programme in India.

International and national environmental protection standards, Environmental quality monitoring, ISO-14000-Environment Management System (EMS)-present status, Impacts on developing countries.

Legal issues and environmental Impact Act – acts & legal issues related to aquatic environment protection – National Aquatic invasive species act, clean water act, Implementation of the act, Agencies involved in implementation - Guidelines for implementation and management. 

Voluntary guidelines for consideration of biodiversity in EIA.-Strategic Environmental Assessment-biodiversity issues at various stages of EIA. 

Case studies one each for freshwater, estuarine and coastal areas 

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Advance treatment methods-Principles and procedures, ozonation, U.V. irradiation etc, Oxidation of sediment, Aerobic and anaerobic treatment process, Role of aquatic macrophytes in biological treatment of waste water, Wastewater treatment through the use of solar energy, Basic design of water and wastewater treatment plants. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.

Waste recycling and waste management in aquaculture, Design and construction of water filtration devices, Utilization of wastewater for mass cultivation of algae and other fish food organisms, Utilization of waste water for aquaculture and Agriculture.

Waste disposal criteria used in different parts of world - national and international standards, Production of biogas from sewage, Advances in Pollution prevention, Environmental management.

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Ecological restoration- Need, concept and definition, Approaches, Rationale for restoration, Differences between conservation and restoration, critical ranges of variability in biodiversity. Restoration of habitat like coral reef, sea grass, mangroves etc.

Ecological processes and structures, regional and historical contexts, and sustainable cultural practices, Ecosystem integrity, community ecological principles, Disturbance, Succession, Fragmentation, Ecosystem auditing, Ecosystem function.

Emerging concepts-Assembly, Stable states, Biotic and abiotic flows and cultural interactions, Application of theory-Invasion, competitive dominance and resource use, IV Restoration planning, Wetland assessment, Delineation, and regulation, Recovery process, Mitigation, Rehabilitation and Reclamation, Dynamics and restoration of degraded wetlands, Removal of threats to the health and integrity of the restored ecosystem.

Individuals participation in a restoration programme, different human participatory programme, Sustainable cultural practices, constraints and opportunities, Economics of selective habitat restoration.

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Common transport processes of pollutants in the ocean.

Influence of winds, tides, Waves and currents on the dispersal of pollutants, mixing due to waves and Wave induced currents, Principles of design of marine waste disposal system.

Pollutant dispersion in coastal waters and estuaries, dispersion near outfall sites, Methods of pollutant dispersal dye diffusion studies.  

Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention, BWM guidelines, BWM treatment system, BWM Technology, BWM to combat invasive species.

THEORY

Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.

Probability distribution: Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.

Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.

Linear programming: Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.

Non parametric test: Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.

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An overview of aquaculture production systems: Present status, constraints and future perspectives of aquaculture production systems in India and the world.

Advances in design and construction: Hatcheries, Earthen ponds, Concrete tanks, Pens and cages, Rafts, Racks.

Aquatic plant production systems: Ornamental aquatic plants, microalgae and seaweeds, Long line production system.

Aquaculture production management: Monitoring of water quality, feeding and monitoring, sampling and harvesting of finfishes and shellfishes.

Advances in farming systems: Enhancing carrying capacity, integrated farming systems, semi-intensive and intensive culture systems, Recirculatory system, Flow-through system.

Code of conduct for responsible and sustainable aquaculture. Cluster farming, Organic Farming, Satellite Farming and Co-operative farming.

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Fisheries marketing definition and scope, functions of fish marketing, Markets and market structure, Government and Co-operative in fisheries marketing , integration, marketing efficiency, marketing cost and price spread, marketing planning, marketing strategy, marketing research, Marketing infrastructure, Marketing regulations, constraints and approaches to fish marketing development.

Supply Chain Management Concepts and Evolution, value addition in fish marketing. Constraints and approaches to SCM in fisheries sector. Vertical integration and its effect on price determination. Domestic and external markets for fisheries products. Indian fisheries intervention

Developing marketing strategies. Advanced studies of marketing information system and e-marketing, fish-business. Dynamics and innovations in fisheries marketing system. Applications of econometric  methods of analysis for the study of market behaviours. Market intelligence, its need, analysis and dissemination.

Principles of price determination. Price difference and variability, price analysis, price elasticities, Price determination of fish and fishery products, characteristics of demand and supply of fish and fishery product , supply responses, seasonality, online trading, future trading, price support measures. Price stabilisation policies.

Seafood and aquaculture markets world-wide, Marketing channels, Economies of scale, Economics of processing, Economic feasibility and Business Plan Development. Policies and regulations that affect aquaculture marketing and distribution. Indian seafood and aquaculture marketing environment.

THEORY

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Reproductive biology of important fishers, crustaceans and molluscs. Anatomy and morphology of reproductive organs. Reproductive behavior of fishes. Sex determination in fishes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Reproductive endocrinology- Anatomy and physiology of endocrine glands. Biochemical characteristics of endocrine hormones. Role of endocrine hormone in reproduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

Broodstock management- Factors affecting the maturation and spawning of fin fishes and shell fishes. Nutritional and environmental requirement for broodstock. Nutritional and environmental manipulation for early maturation. Criteria for the selection of brood stock. Selective breeding strategies, Tagging, Transportation of brood stock. Natural and synthetic anesthetics for transport. Vaccines and therapeutics for health management of broodstock.<br>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Induced Spawning- Biochemical characteristics of synthetic hormone analogues and their applications. Comparative evaluation of commercially available inducing agents. Artificial insemination in crustaceans and molluscs. Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Seed production and hatchery technology- Advances in seed production of commercially important finfishes and shellfishes. Seed production of ornamental fishes. Artificial propagation of seaweeds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Hatchery management- Water quality management in hatcheries - Chemical, Physical and Biological approaches. Nutritional requirement of larvae and post larvae. Live feed culture. Nutritional enrichment of live feed. Formulation of artificial diets. Strategies to control diseases in hatcheries. Diagnosis, quarantine and seed certification. Use of Probiotics and Immunostimulants in hatcheries, SPF and SPR. Effluent treatment in Hatcheries. Seed transportation methods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Aquaculture and ecosystem relationship- Ecosystems and productivity, biotic interaction within ecosystems and ecological homeostasis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Climate-Weather elements of concern in aquaculture, Green house gases, global warming and their impact.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Impact of environment on aquaculture- Raw water source, physical and chemical characteristics, contaminants and pollutants (algae, pathogens, heavy metals, pesticides) and their effect on productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Impact of aquaculture on environment- Waste water discharge, its quality and quantity, impacts of effluents on ecosystems, chemical degradation of soil and water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Environment monitoring- Problems and preventive measures of antibiotic and drug residues, salination of soil and water, Eutrophication, Environment impact assessment and environmental audit, Biosensors in aquatic environment, toxicity assessment, Ecolabelling and traceability.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Environment management- Introduction of exotics and escape of farmed fish, Pathogens in aquatic environment, Safety of aquaculture products, Role of microbes in aquatic environment, assessment of probiotic impact in aquaculture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Defence mechanism in fish and shellfish- Specific and non-specific defence mechanism, immunogenicity, immune cells, immune suppressant, ontogeny of immune system, cellular adaptation, pathogen specificity.</span><br>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Disease diagnostics tools- Histopathological methods, tools used in different types of PCR, Immunoassay, Biochemical assay, Monoclonal and polyclonal based antibody assay, Electron microscopy, Serological techniques.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Disease prevention and therapeutics-Vaccines and bactericins,development of vaccines like DNA vaccine, adjuvants, etc, administration and mode of action of pathogen specific drugs, drug resistance, antiviral drugs, drug regulation in India, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;">immunostimulants.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Quarantine- Biosecurity principles, SPF and SPR, quarantine protocols, and facilities, broodstock and seed quarantine measures, Quarantine of Aquatic Animals and Premises.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">General physiology and endocrinology- Physiology of migration and behaviour, chemical nature of hormones, storage, release and control of hormones, serochemistry, structure and function of neuro-endocrine system, biotic and abiotic factors influencing homeostasis, ecophysiology, endocrine control of growth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Nutritional and digestive physiology- Mechanism of chemo, electro and mechanorecption, gustation, digestive enzymes and isozymes, nutrient tansporters, gut microbial digestion, excretion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Neurophysiology- Neurosecretory system in fishes, crustaceans and molluscs, neurotransmitters, ecdysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Reproductive physiology- Maturation and spawning, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, yolk formation, mechanism of sex reversal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Respiratory physiology- Structure and chemical composition of respiratory pigments, gas exchange concept, osmoregulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Stress physiology- stress response, stress hormones, stress adaptation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Introduction- Scope of biotechnology in fisheries and aquaculture research.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Transgenics- Principles of transgenic technology and its application in fisheries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Feed biotechnology- Probiotics, single cell proteins, Nutraceuticals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Recombinant proteins of commercial importance- enzymes, hormones, bioactive compounds, therapeutic proteins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Biotechnological approaches in environmental management- Bioremediation, biosensors, biofouling, treatment of waste water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Anti microbial Peptides and their applications.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Vaccination in fishes- DNA vaccines, sub UNIT vaccines and Biofilm Vaccines.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

THEORY

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Introduction to matrix algebra, Bayes’ theorem and its application, mathematical expectation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Probability distribution- Negative, Binomial, Hyper-geometric and Exponential and their application in fisheries, Multivariate normal distribution, Multiple and Partial correlation and regression.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Multivariate ANOVA, Likelihood Methods, Concept of Principal component analysis, Canonical correlation and Path coefficients, Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis and Cluster analysis, Transformations, Analysis of Covariance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Linear programming- Objective function, graphical solution of linear programming problem, Simplex method.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black">Non parametric test- Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal and Wallis test and Friedman’s test, Use of computer software for data analysis, Survival analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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