THEORY

Rank of a matrix - Consistency of linear system of equations - Eigen value problem - Eigen values of a real matrix - characteristic equation - Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a real matrix - Properties - Cayley - Hamilton theorem (excluding proof) - Orthogonal transformation of a symmetric matrix to diagonal form - Quadratic form - Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal transformation.

Limits and Continuity - Partial derivatives - Homogeneous functions and Eulers theorem - Total derivative - Differentiation of implicit functions - Change of variables - Jacobians - Taylors series for functions of two variables - Maxima and minima of functions of two variables - Lagranges method of undetermined multipliers. 

Double integration - Cartesian and polar coordinates - Change of order of integration - Change of variables between Cartesian and polar coordinates - Triple integration in Cartesian co -ordinates - Area as double integral - Volume as triple integral.

Gradient, Divergence and Curl - Directional derivative - Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields - Vector integration - Problems on Greens theorem in a plane, Gauss divergence theorem and Stokes theorem (excluding proofs) - Simple applications involving cubes and rectangular parallelepipeds.

Functions of a complex variable - Analytic functions: Necessary conditions, Cauchy - Riemann equation and Sufficient conditions (excluding proofs) - Harmonic and orthogonal properties of analytic function - Harmonic conjugate - Construction of analytic functions - Conformal mapping: w= z+c, cz, 1/z, and bilinear transformation.  Complex integration: Statement and applications of Cauchys integral theorem and Cauchys integral formula - Taylor and Laurent expansions - Singular points - Residues - Residue theorem.

THEORY

Elasticity - Stress - Strain - Hook’s Law - Classification of elastic modulus - Poisson’s ratio - Twisting couple on a cylinder - Torsional pendulum - Cantilever - Bending of Beam - Uniform and non uniform bending - viscosity - Coefficient of Viscosity - Streamline and Turbulent flow - Reynold’s number - Poiseuille’s method - Stoke’s method - Ostwald’s viscometer - surface Tension - Surface energy - Drop weight method - Capillary rise method - gravitation - Kepler’s Law - Gravitational constant - Gravitational field - Gravitational potential due to a spherical shell and solid sphere - Seismic waves - Seismograph and applications of seismology - acoustics - classification and transmission of sound - acoustical deign of auditorium - everberation time, absorption coefficient - loudness - Noise control - ultrasonics - classification and properties - magnetostriction and piezoelectric generation - detection and measurement - application - non-destructive testing - nature of heat - Joule Kelvin Cooling Effect - orous Plug Experiment - Liquefaction of gases - production of low temperature and adiabatic demagnetisation - Transmission of heat - Coefficient of thermal conductivity - Lees Disc Method for the determination of thermal conductivity.     

Resolving power of Optical Instrument - Rayleigh’s criteria - Microscopes - Electron Beam focusing - SEM and TEM - polarisation - types of polarized light - Nicol Prism - Double refraction - Quarter wave plate and Half wave plate - Polarimeter- laser - Principle of Laser, Population inversion - types of lasers - Helium-Neon laser - Semiconductor laser and applications - fiber Optics - Principle and types of optical fibers - Fabrication of Optical fibers: Vapour Deposition, Fiber pulling, Double Crucible - Transmission of light wave through Optical Fibers - Fiber Optical Communications and Sensors - Engineering applications.

Magnetic materials - Classification: Paramagnetics, Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic and  Ferrimagnetic materials - Soft and hard magnetic materials - Energy product and energy density - Bubble memory - Magnetic principle in computer data storage - dielectric Materials - dielectric parameters - types of polarization - types of electrical insulating materials - Dielectric constant - dielectric loss - Ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials - applications of Dielectric materials - Dielectric Capacitors - nanomaterials - Classification - Top Down approach and Bottom up approach for Synthesis - High energy Ball Milling, Chemical Vapour deposition and Sol gel.

Electrical conduction - Classification of conducting materials - Drude Lorentz theory of metals - expression for electrical conductivity and drift velocity - Weidemann Franz Law - advantages and drawbacks of classical free electron theory - Band theory of solids - variation of electrical conductivity with temperature  - applications of conductors: strain gauge, thermistor, heating element, resistance thermometer - superconductors - types of superconductors - properties of superconducting materials - BCS theory - Josephson effect - applications: SQUID and Magnetic Levitation.     

Structure of Atom - Rutherford’s experiment - Bohr’s atom model - Spectral series of Hydrogen atom, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Vector atom model, Coupling schemes - X-rays - production - Continuous and characteristic X-rays - Bragg’s law - Braggs X-ray Spectrometer - Powder - Crystal Method - Diffraction - Laue’s Method - Rotating Crystal Method - Moseley’s Law and its importance - Solids - Types - Crystal - Lattice - Basis, Primitive Lattice Cell, Unit Cell,- Elements of Symmetry and Symmetry Operations, Crystal System - Miller indices - Determination of Crystal Structure by Bragg’s Law - Structure of KCl and NaCl crystals.   

THEORY

Communication skills - Process of communication, verbal and non verbal communication, listening and note taking, writing skills, oral presentation skills, field diary and lab record; indexing, footnote and bibliographic procedures.

Reading and comprehension of general and technical articles, precise writing, summarizing, abstracting, individual and group presentations, impromptu presentation, public speaking, Group discussion.

Role of ICT in communication. Recent advances in communication - Print and electronic, internet, e-mail, fax, mobile, interactive video and teleconferencing, computer, e-governance. 

Meaning and definition of personality, Theoretical perspectives on personality - Behavioural trait and humanistic personality pattern, moulding the personality patterns. 

Personality development - Self perception, self concept, self esteem and gender stereotyping, persistence and changes in personality determinants (physical, intellectual, emotional, social, educational and family). Aspirations, achievements and fulfillment. Dressing for formal and informal occasions.

THEORY

General principles of analytical chemistry - Common analytical methods - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - Accuracy and precision of analytical results - Preparation of laboratory reagents.

Volumetric analysis - calibration of apparatus - preparation of primary and secondary standards - standardization. Theory of indicators and buffers - acidimetry, alkalimetry, oxidimetry, complexometry and precipitometry.

Gravimetric analysis - principles of precipitation reactions - solubility product - common ion effect - conditions of precipitation - choice of filters - washing solutions.

Instrumental analysis  - principles and practices of potentiometry, conductometry, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, absorption and emission spectroscopy and chromatography - choice of analytical methods.

Radioactivity - measurements - radiocarbon dating - stable isotopes - tracer studies - mass spectroscopy - use of radioisotopes in fisheries. 

THEORY

Introduction to computers - Digital and Analog  Computers - Evolution of Computer - History of Computer- Classification of Computer - Computing concepts: Hardware - Input/Output, CPU, Memory - Number Systems-Software Development steps - Introduction to office packages 

Algorithm/pseudo code-Flowchart-Structure of C program-Overview of C-Constants, Variables and Data types-Operators-Input-Output statements-Decision Making-Branching and Looping.

Arrays - Concepts - Declaration - Definition - Accessing elements - Storing elements - Two-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays - Applications of arrays - Storage classes - Extern - Auto- register - Static - string handling functions.

Derived types - Structures - Declaration - Definition and initialization of structures - Accessing structures - Nested structures - Unions - C program examples.

Functions - Types - User defined functions - Standard library functions - Function header - Function body - Function statements - Function prototype - Function calls - Call by value - Recursive functions-Pointer declaration - Call by REFERENCES.

THEORY

Engineering materials - property definitions - iron-carbon equilibrium diagram - ferrous metals and alloys, non ferrous metals and alloys - manufacturing processes and properties - heat treatment of steels - purpose and method of heat treatment - annealing, normalizing - hardening - tempering - surface hardening. 

Mechanical working of metals - hot  working processes - hot rolling - hot forging - spinning -  extrusion - drawing-piercing - cold working processes - cold rolling - shot peening - smithy and forging operations - types - welding process - arc welding - polarity - types - electrodes - gas welding - gas flames - gas welding technique - gas cutting of metals - sheet metal work - tools.

Pattern making - pattern materials - types of pattern - core boxes- core prints  foundry -  moulding tools - moulding sand - properties - moulding - moulding materials - types of moulds - methods of moulding - special casting process - permanent moulding - slush casting - die casting - centrifugal casting - investment casting - shell moulding - continuous casting.

Lathe - principal parts - types - working principles - basic operations - lathe accessories - drilling machine, shaper, planer - principal parts - working principle - operations - grinding machine, milling machine, principal parts - types - basic operations. 

Manufacturing process for plastics - compression moulding - transfer moulding - injection moulding - jet moulding and blow moulding - calendaring-casting - slush casting - laminating -  joining - modern machining methods, Electro discharge machining (EDM), wire cut Electro discharge machining (WEDM), advantages and limitations - advanced manufacturing technologies. 

THEORY

Definition: Ecological Hierarchy: Subdivisions of Ecology, Ecosystem: Principles and concepts. Examples of Ecosystems: The Pond, The Micro ecosystem: Production and Decomposition; Homeostasis of the Ecosystem, Definition; Laws of Thermodynamics.  

Energy flow, Concepts of Productivity; Measurement of primary productivity; Trophic Levels, and Examples; Ecological Pyramids.  Biogeochemical Cycles; Patterns and Basic types, cycling of organic nutrients; Pathways, Limiting factors and governing laws.  Ecological Indicators.  

The biotic community, Ecological Dominance; community analysis; species diversity in communities; patterns in communities, ecotones, Population ecology; population group properties, population density and indices of relative abundance. Types of interaction – animal association- Symbiosis, commensalisms, parasitism, etc., Autoecology: Concepts of habitat and ecological Niche; Natural Selection; Artificial Selection.  

wetlands: dominant flora and fauna.  Coastal Ecosystems, coastal zone and its classification.  Estuaries: classification, physico-chemical factors; biota and productivity; example of some Indian estuaries. Mangroves: definition, mangrove plants, factors affecting distribution.  Mangrove flora and fauna, mangrove afforestation.  

The Intertidal Zone, factors affecting life on shore, nature of substratum, physical factors, zonation, fauna and flora on a rocky shores, sandy shore, and muddy shore.  Conservation of habitats: endangered species and their conservation, fish passes for migratory fishes, protected areas, marine parks and sanctuaries, artificial reefs.  Conservation programmes for endangered species.  

THEORY

Water pollution - definition -water pollutants - physical - chemical - biological pollution of water - types of water pollution - groundwater pollution - surface water pollution - sea water pollution. Sources of water pollution - sewage and domestic wastes - industrial effluents - agricultural discharges. 

Classification of water pollutants - inorganic pollutants and toxic metals - organic pollutants - pesticide pollutants - gaseous pollutants - eutrophication - types - effects - control. detergents - toxic metals - siltation - thermal pollutants - radioactive materials.

Analysis of water pollutants - chemical and physical examination of water - colour - turbidity - odour - taste -nitrate and nitrite - acidity - alkalinity - chloride and fluoride - Measurement of toxic chemical substances - Beryllium - Cadmium - Cromium - Copper - Iron - Lead - Manganese - Selenium - Mercury - arsenic. 

Point Source Dilution - Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature - Dissolved oxygen saturation - Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis - Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Formula - BOD Models  - Determination of deoxygenation rate and ultimate BOD - Temperature effect on K1 - Second-order reaction - Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K - Sediment Oxygen Demand - Photosynthesis and Respiration - Natural Self-Purification in Streams - Oxygen sag curve - Critical point on oxygen sag curve - Apportionment of Stream Users -Methods - Velz Reaeration Curve - Stream DO Model - Procedures of pragmatic approach - Biological Factors - Calculation of bacterial density - MPN method

Water resources -surface water sources - groundwater resource potentials in India. Groundwater and its occurrence - types of aquifer - properties of aquifer materials - Steady - State Conditions - unsteady flow conditions -Equations of Ground-Water Flow - Determining aquifier characteristics from time drawdown data - Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions - Theis, Jacob and Hatsun method.

THEORY

Ordinary Differential Equation: Second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients – Method of variation of parameters. Partial Differential Equation: Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions - Solution of standard types of first order partial differential equations - Lagrange linear equation - Linear partial differential equations of second order with constant coefficients.

Dirichlet conditions - General Fourier series - Odd and even functions - Half range sine series - Half range cosine series - Complex form of Fourier Series - Parseval identify - Harmonic Analysis.

Fourier integral theorem (without proof) - Fourier Transforms: Sine and Cosine transforms - Properties - Transforms of simple functions - Convolution theorem - Parseval identity.

Laplace Transform – Elementary properties, Properties of Laplace transforms - Transforms of Periodic functions - evaluation of integrals by Laplace transforms. Inverse transforms - Other methods of finding inverse transforms - Convolution theorem - Application to differential equations using Laplace transform.

Z-transform - Elementary properties - Inverse Z - transform - Convolution theorem -Formation of difference equations - Solution of difference equations using Z - transform.

THEORY

Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations - Fixed point iteration method – Newton Raphson method- Solution of linear system of equations - Gauss elimination method – Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel - Matrix Inversion by Gauss Jordan method - Eigen values of a matrix by Power method.

Interpolation with unequal intervals - Lagrange interpolation – Newton divided difference interpolation – Cubic Splines - Interpolation with equal intervals - Newton forward and backward difference formulae.

Approximation of derivatives using interpolation polynomials - Numerical integration using Trapezoidal, Simpson (both 1/3rd and 3/8th)  rule – Romberg’s method - Two point and three point Gaussian Quadrature formulae.

Single Step methods: Taylor series method - Euler method - Modified Euler method - Fourth order Runge-Kutta method for solving first order equations - Multi step methods:  Milne and Adams- Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order equations.

Finite difference methods for solving two-point linear boundary value problems – One dimensional heat flow equation by explicit and implicit (Crank Nicholson) methods – One dimensional wave equation by explicit method - Finite difference techniques for the solution of two dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations on rectangular domain.

THEORY

Random experiment - definition of probability - axioms on probability - definition of events and its types - conditional probability - addition and multiplication laws of probability - Baye theorem.

Random variable - discrete and continuous random variable - probability mass function and density function - distribution function and its properties - two dimensional random variables - joint probability mass and density function - marginal distribution function - conditional probability distribution - mathematical expectation and its properties - Moment generating function and its properties - central limit theorem (without proof).

Discrete Probability distribution: Bernoulli distribution - Binomial distribution - Poisson distribution - Properties - their mean, variance and moment generating function. Continuous distribution: Normal, Standard normal distributions, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma, - Properties - their mean, variance and moment generating function.

Introduction - Parameter and statistic - Sampling Distribution - Standard Error - Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis - Level of significance and critical value - One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests - Type I and Type II errors - Test procedure. Large sample test - single mean and difference between two means - single proportion and difference between two proportions.  Small sample tests - t-test for testing the significance of single mean - independent t-test (equal & unequal variances) and paired t test - chi square test for testing the association of a 2 x 2 contingency table.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Chance and assignable causes of variation - uses of Statistical quality control - process and product control - Control Charts and its uses - Control limits - control charts for variables - Construction of control charts for mean and range (  and R ) charts - control charts for attributes - np, p and C charts.

THEORY

Linear programming - introduction - problem formulation - graphical method - limitations - general linear programming problem (LPP) - canonical and standard forms of LPP - simplex method - computational procedure - artificial variable technique - big M - method.

Transportation problem - mathematical form of TPP - methods of finding initial basic feasible solutions - north west corner rule - row minimum - column minimum - matrix minimum - Vogel’s approximation method (VAM) - optimal solution - modified distribution method (MODI method) - mathematical form - Hungarian method.  

Introduction - network and basic components - construction and time calculation in network - critical path method (CPM) - program evaluation and review technique (PERT) calculation - advantages in network.

Introduction - Replacement of Equipment / Assert that deteriorates gradually - replacement policy when value of money does not change with time (continuous and discrete) - replacement policy when value of money changes with time - replacement of equipment that fails suddenly.

Inventory control - selective control techniques - economic lot size problems - (economic ordinary quantity) EOQ with and without shortage - EOQ problems with price Breaks - inventory control techniques - uncertain demand and stochastic problems.

THEORY

Introduction to nano science and technology, history, definition, classification of nanomaterials based on origin, dimension - Unique properties of nanomaterials - mechanical, magnetic, thermal, optical and electrical properties - Biosensor - principle, types and applications

Properties and applications of semiconductor, quantum dots, fullerenes, carbon nanotube, core shell nanoparticles: encapsulation and micelle. 

Top down and bottom up approaches - Mechanical methods - High energy ball milling Types - mechanical alloying. Physical methods: Principle and methods - Resistive heating - Arc discharge - laser ablation - Molecular beam epitaxy, inert gas condensation and sputtering. Chemical methods: Principle and methods - chemical vapour deposition - reverse micelle, sol - gel, microwave and co-precipitation. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganism and plants: Principle and mechanism.

Particle size analyzer - Raman spectroscopy - FT-IR - Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). 

Fisheries - food system - health - energy and environment - nano toxicology. 

THEORY

The earth and the ocean basin, distribution of water and land; relief of seafloor. Major feature of topography and terminology; major divisions. Relief in Indian oceans. ocean waves: Definition and terms, classification; difference between surface and long waves, wave theories, surface wave generation, spreading growth, Beaufort scale, spilling and breaking waves, long waves, Tsunamis, seiches, internal waves.  

Ocean tides, definition, tidal phenomenon, elementary tidal definition, tidal inequalities; tide producing forces, types of tides, tidal bores, tide prediction. Ocean currents: definitions and features; measurements of currents; direct and indirect methods forces acting on sea waters, drift currents, Ekman spirals, upwelling, sinking, gradient currents, thermohaline circulation, characteristics; course; and significance of some major ocean currents of world, El Nino.  

Physical properties of seawater, salinity and chlorinity, temperature, thermal properties of seawater, Colligative and other properties of seawater; Residence time of constituents in seawater. Properties of sea ice; transmission of sound; absorption of radiation; eddy conductivity; diffusivity and viscosity. General distribution of temperature, salinity and density; salinity and temperature of surface layer (SST), subsurface; distribution of temperature and salinity; The T-S diagram; water masses of Indian oceans.  

Chemistry of seawater: Constancy and composition; elements present in seawater; artificial seawater; dissolved gasses in seawater, CO2 system and alkalinity; inorganic agencies affecting composition of seawater,  distribution of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, silicates and manganese in the oceans, factors influencing their distribution.   

THEORY

Cell structure and function: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, cell membrane, cell wall, proteins, nucleic acids - structure, properties and interactions, microbial growth. 

Distribution and classification: Microbial community in freshwater, estuary and marine environment (types and abundance). Microbial dependency on physical, chemical and biological factors of the environment; Classification of aquatic microorganisms, Microbes in extreme environments and their significance - thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and barophiles. 

Microbial interaction with matter: Microbial interaction - role of microbial population on the biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P, S, Si and Fe), Xenobiotic and inorganic pollutants; Microbial degradation of natural and synthetic compounds.

Microorganisms and public health: Water-borne pathogens of public health importance - protozoans, bacteria, enteroviruses; Microbial toxins; Microbial standards for different water uses. 

Microbes and aquatic environment: Principles and applications of bioprocesses – bioremediation, biofertilization, biofilms, bio-leaching, biocorrosion, bio-fouling; Microorganisms as bioindicators, bioremediators and biosensors; Microbial biomass production - single cell protein; Bioprospecting. 

THEORY

Chemistry of soil - nutrient interactions and water permeability; Organic substances - biological processes in the degradation and conversion of organic matter; Humus and biogeochemical substances - structure, reactivity, solubility and mobility; Transport of substances - nutrients (e.g., phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, Ca and K), Soil-water interactions – availability of nutrients and productivity of aquatic ecosystem. 

Pollutant cycling, bio-accumulation, bio-availability, speciation and transport of contaminants (e.g., pesticides and heavy metals). Practical Sample Collection techniques; Determination of physicochemical parameters of soil and water - pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients; C/N ratio; clay colloids in the soil; CEC; Adsorption / fixation of ions on clay minerals. 

An overview of qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques used in environmental science; Sampling techniques and procedures; Factors affecting the choice of an analytical technique; Interferences and their removal, Field kits and their application. 

Theory, instrumentation and application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. Tracer techniques: Scintillation counters and radio isotopes in environmental research

Chromatography – theory, instrumentation and applications of thin layer, paper, ion - exchange, size exclusion, high performance liquid and gas; Methods of preparing biological samples for chromatographic analysis; Theory and applications of electrophoresis; Principles and uses of ultracentrifugation. 

THEORY

Environmental biotechnology- concepts and scope; conventional and modern approaches, Interrelationship of xenobiotics with other environmental variables; IPR issues related to environmental biotechnology. 

Genetically-improved strains - basic concepts, application in waste management, pesticide degradation, heavy metal remediation, oil removal; Nitrogen fixation; Phosphate solubilization; Cellular and molecular markers of environmental pollution monitoring and management. 

Consortia of microbes for environmental protection – Concept, scope and feasibility. 

Bioreactors – principles and application in nitrification, denitrification, reduction of BOD; Production of biofuels, fermented products and biogas from wastes, Nutrient uptake by aquatic organisms. Practical Genomic and plasmid DNA isolation; PCR and gel electrophoresis, Cloning; Single-cell protein production; Case studies on wastewater treatment/recirculatory systems; Quantification of N fixation, nitrification; Screening of microbes for biodegradation properties. 

Renewable or bio-energy and bio-fuels from aquatic environment, Energy and fuel production using micro-organisms; Production of food: Single cell protein, Algal biotechnology for production of food; Use of microbes for improving soil fertility, biodegradation

THEORY

Basic transfer processes - heat, mass and momentum - heat transfer process - conductors and insulators - conduction - Fourier fundamental equation - thermal conductivity and thermal resistance - linear heat flow - heat transfer through homogenous wall, composite walls, radial heat flow through cylinders and sphere - extended surfaces (fins) - Problems involving heat transfer (conduction )operation in fish processing industries. 

Newton Rikhman law - film coefficient of heat transfer - convection - free and forced convection - dimensional analysis and its application - factors affecting the heat transfer coefficient in free and forced convection heat transfer - overall heat transfer coefficient - Problems involving heat transfer (convection) operation in fish processing industries. 

Heat exchangers - parallel, counter and cross flow - evaporator and condensers – used in Fish processing industries. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference - overall coefficient of heat transfer - Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient - Fouling Factors - Analysis - LMTD method - NTU method.  Tube in tube heat exchanger, shell and tube heat  exchanger, plate heat exchanger - Applications of heat exchangers in fish processing oprations- solving problems in heat exchangers.

Radiation heat transfer - concept of black and grey body - monochromatic total emissive power  - Kirchoff law - Planck’s law - Stefan - Boltzman law - heat exchange through non -absorbing media - Problems involving heat transfer (radiation) operation in fish processing industries 

Mass transfer - introduction - Fick law for molecular diffusion - molecular diffusion in gases - equimolar counters diffusion in gases and diffusion of gas A through non diffusing or stagnant B - diffusion through a varying cross sectional area and diffusion coefficients for gases - molecular diffusion in liquids, biological solutions and gels. Mass transfer application in fish processing.

THEORY

Unit operations in fish processing - conservation of mass and energy - overall view of an engineering process-dimensions and units - dimensional and unit consistency - dimensionless ratios.

Size reduction - grinding and cutting - principles of comminuting - characteristics of comminuted products - particle size distribution in comminuted products - energy and power requirements in comminuting - crushing efficiency - Rittinger, Bond and Kick laws for crushing-size reduction equipments - construction, operation and applications in fisheries sector

Mincing - definition - types of mincers - construction and operations- Filtration - definition -filter media - types and requirements - constant rate filtration - constant pressure filtration - filter cake resistance-filtration equipment - rotary vacuum filter - filter press-sedimentation - gravitational sedimentation of particles in a fluid - Stoke law, sedimentation of particles in gas-cyclones - settling under sedimentation and gravitational sedimentation-centrifugal separations - rate of separations - liquid - liquid separation - centrifuge equipment. 

Mixing of solids, pastes, and liquids - equipment - liquid mixers - mixers for pastes - and high viscous masses criteria for mixer effectiveness - agitation of liquids - equipments -impeller - propeller and flow patterns - applications in fish processing - extrusion cooking - principles and types of extruders - single and double screw extruder - construction, working and applications in fish processing. 

Water activity - sorption behaviour of foods - isotherm models - dehydration - methods - types of dryers - tray dryer, vacuum dryer, heat pump dryer, microwave drying and tunnel drying - principles, construction, working and applications - advantages and disadvantages.

THEORY

Aerial Photography - Relief displacement. Photogrammetry - Stereoscopy - principal points - parallax and its measurement. Colours - Composite colour images. Remote Sensing - Electromagnetic Spectrum - Radiation laws - Interaction with atmosphere and surfaces, spectral reflectance of earth materials and vegetation. Satellite Remote Sensing - Resolution - Scanning - Sensors, Land Observation Satellites - Visual image interpretation.

Digital image processing, Image rectification and Image enhancement - Filtering - band ratioing, Image classification - supervised & unsupervised classification, Remote sensing application in soil & water conservation.

GIS - types - raster - vector, Data base management systems - RDBMS, Data types - spatial - non-spatial, Spatial data models, Spatial referencing, Map projections, Data input, Editing,  Encoding, Raster data analysis, Vector data analysis.

Digital Elevation model, Cost and path analysis, Types of output & Presentation, Types of errors  - elimination and accuracies, GIS applications in DEM and its analysis, watershed analysis, runoff modeling, soil erosion modeling.

Environmental satellites - The Landsat series, NOAA and IRS; Digital image processing and interpretation. Elements of GIS, Application of remote sensing and GIS to fisheries and aquaculture planning and development.

THEORY

Refrigeration - principles - refrigeration effect - coefficient of performance - units of refrigeration co-efficient of performance - Air Refrigeration systems - Ice refrigeration system  - application of refrigeration and air conditioning. Vapour compression system - simple vapour compression cycle - T - S diagram - p - h chart.

Basic vapour compression system - Types and mechanism - Efficiencies of different types. Compressors - classification - Reciprocating - Rotary - and centrifugal types - Advantages and disadvantage. Suction Pressure and delivery pressure calculations - compression ratio - Condensers - Types - classification - Air-cooled & water cooled - Cooling towers - Shell and Tube - evaporative types - forced draft and induced draft condensers - Expansion devices - Types - Capillary tube - manual and automatic, low and high side float valves.

Refrigerants - Desirable properties of an ideal Refrigerant - classification - Halo Carbon Refrigerants - Azeotrope, organic, Hydro carbon Refrigerants - Thermodynamic properties of Refrigerants - Chemical and Physical properties of refrigerants - Thermal Insulation - Desirable properties of insulation materials - types of insulation material - Heat transfer Capacity of thermal insulation - Cork - wool - Glass wool. Thermocole - Polyurethane foam.

Introduction to freezing technology - principles of low temperature  preservations. - methods  for freezing - fundamental aspects - heat units - freezing point depression, eutectic point; freezing rate - Types of Freezers - contact plate freezer - Vertical and Horizontal - Blast freezer - IQF, Spiral - Belt - types - Cryogenic Freezer. Heat load of freezers - Chilling - Chilled Seawater and Refrigerated Seawater systems - Ice manufacturing - mechanism of ice crystal formation - Block ice plant - layout and construction - Flake ice machine - Design and Construction of Cold Stores - Types - Maintenance of cold stores. Defrosting Methods and Safety of Refrigeration systems in freezing industry.

Design of cold storage- Design of chill room- Design of Airblast freezers- Design of ice making systems in Fish processing- Transportation of chilled/frozen fish - cold chain management in Fish processing

THEORY

Classification of mechanisms - Basic kinematic concepts and definitions - Degree of freedom, Mobility - Kutzbach criterion, Gruebler criterion - Grashof Law - Kinematic inversions of four-bar chain and slider crank chains - Limit positions - Mechanical advantage - Transmission Angle - Description of some common mechanisms - Quick return mechanisms, Straight line generators - Universal Joint - rocker mechanisms. Linkage Mechanisms - Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of simple mechanisms - Graphical method- Velocity and acceleration polygons - Velocity analysis using instantaneous centres - kinematic analysis of simple mechanisms - Coincident points - Coriolis component of Acceleration - Introduction to linkage synthesis problem.

Law of toothed gearing - Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles - Spur Gear terminology and definitions - Gear tooth action - contact ratio - Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears [Basics only]. Gear trains - Speed ratio, train value - Parallel axis gear trains - Epicyclic Gear Trains.

Dynamic force analysis - Inertia force and Inertia torque- D Alembert principle -Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating engines - Gas forces - Inertia effect of connecting rod- Bearing loads - Crank shaft torque - Turning moment diagrams -Fly Wheels - Flywheels of punching presses. Balancing- Static and dynamic balancing - Balancing of rotating masses - Balancing a single cylinder engine - Balancing of Multi-cylinder inline, V-engines - Partial balancing in engines - Balancing of linkages - Balancing machines-Field balancing of discs and rotors.

Basic features of vibratory systems - Degrees of freedom - single degree of freedom - Free vibration - Equations of motion - Natural frequency - Types of Damping - Damped vibration- Torsional vibration of shaft - Critical speeds of shafts - Torsional vibration - Two and three rotor torsional systems. Forced Vibration - Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic forcing - Harmonic disturbances -Disturbance caused by unbalance - Support motion -transmissibility - Vibration isolation vibration measurement.

Gyroscopes - Gyroscopic forces and torques - Gyroscopic stabilization - Gyroscopic effects in Automobiles, ships and airplanes. Governors - Types - Centrifugal governors - Gravity controlled (Watt, Porter& Proell) and spring controlled (Hartnell) centrifugal governors - Characteristics - Effect of friction - Controlling force curves.

THEORY

Introduction - Units and Dimensions - Laws of Mechanics - Lemi theorem, Parallelogram and triangular Law of forces - Vectorial representation of forces - Vector operations of forces -additions, subtraction, dot product, cross product - Coplanar Forces - rectangular components - Equilibrium of a particle - Forces in space - Equilibrium of a particle in space - Equivalent systems of forces - Principle of transmissibility.

Free body diagram - Types of supports - Action and reaction forces - stable equilibrium - Moments and Couples - Moment of a force about a point and about an axis - Vectorial representation of moments and couples - Scalar components of a moment - Varignon theorem - Single equivalent force - Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in two dimensions - Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three dimensions.

Friction - static and dynamic - laws. Motion of frictional body on horizontal and inclined planes. Wedges & Rolling resistance - Simple lifting machines - wheel and axle systems of pulleys, screw jacks, Inclined planes - Surface contacts - Sliding and Rolling friction - Friction drives - Friction in screw threads - Bearings and lubrication - Friction clutches - Belt and rope drives - Friction in brakes- Band and Block brakes.

Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship - Relative motion - Curvilinear motion - Projectiles. Newton laws of motion – D-Alembert principles, Work Energy Equation - Impulse and Momentum - Impact of elastic bodies.

Centroids and centre of mass - Centroids of lines and areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by integration - T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow section by using standard formula - Theorems of Pappus and Guildness - Area moments of inertia of plane areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by integration - T section, I section, Angle section, Hollow section by using standard formula - Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem. Principal moments of inertia of plane areas - Principal axes of inertia-Mass moment of inertia - mass moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical solids from first principle - Relation to area moments of inertia.

THEORY

Types of thermodynamics - microscopic & macroscopic approach, thermodynamic systems -  classification - properties and state of a system - thermodynamic process, cycle and equilibrium - point and path functions - Zeroth law of thermodynamics - unit of temperature and pressure. energy - types - law of conservation of energy - heat - specific heat - thermal capacity and water equivalent.  mechanical equivalent of heat,  work - heat and work - a path function -   comparison of heat and work - power -  first law of thermodynamics - energy balance of closed systems.  Limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

Laws of perfect gas - general and characteristic gas equation - avogadro law - universal gas constant - specific heats of a gas - internal energy, enthalpy and molar specific heat of a gas - Regnault law - relation and ratio between specific heats - Reversible and irreversible process, classification of thermodynamic processes. work done during a non-flow process - application of first law of thermodynamics to a non-flow process - perfect gas processes - P-V, P-T relationship, work done, change in internal energy heat transfer and change in enthalpy during constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic and polytropic processes - Flow process - application of first law of thermodynamics to a steady flow process.  work done for constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, adiabatic and polytropic flow processes - application of steady flow energy equation to boiler, condenser,  evaporator, nozzle, turbine, rotary and reciprocating compressor.

Kelvin planck and Clausius statements - equivalence of kelvin - planck and clausius statements.  relation between heat and entropy - Importance and units of entropy - available and unavailable heat energy - Clausius inequality - principle of increase of entropy - change of entropy of a perfect gas - in terms of volume and absolute temperature, pressure and absolute temperature, pressure and volume - Change of entropy of a perfect gas during constant volume, constant pressure, constant temperature, reversible adiabatic and polytropic processes.

Thermodynamic air standard Carnot, Otto and Diesel cycles. Carnot vapour cycle and Ideal Rankine cycle.

Formation of steam at a constant pressure - temperature vs total heat graph during steam formation - wet, dry saturated and super - heated steam - dryness fraction of wet steam - enthalpy and specific volume of steam - uses of steam tables - phase rule - PV, PT, TV, TS and h-s diagram for water and steam. Entropy of water - Entropy increase during evaporation.  Entropy of wet, dry and super heated steam.

THEORY

Introduction to the design process - factors influencing machine design, selection of materials based on mechanical properties - Preferred numbers, fits and tolerances - Direct, Bending and torsional stress equations - Impact and shock loading - calculation of principle stresses for various load combinations, eccentric loading - curved beams - crane hook and C- frame - Factor of safety - theories of failure - Design based on strength and stiffness - stress concentration - Design for variable loading - theories of failure.

Design of permanent joints - welded joints - types of welded joints - strength of transverse and parallel fillet welds - design of welded butt joints.  Design of riveted joints - failure modes of riveted joints - Efficiency of riveted joints, Longitudinal and circumferential lap joint for boiler only. 

Shafts and Couplings: Design of solid and hollow shafts based on strength for torsion, bending and combined loads.Keys, keyways and splines  Rigid (Sleeve or Muff, Flange Coupling only) and flexible couplings (Universal coupling only).  Springs: Various types of springs, optimization of helical springs - rubber springs  Bearings: Sliding contact (Journal) and rolling contact bearings - Hydrodynamic journal bearings, Sommerfeld Number, Raimondi and Boyd graphs, - Selection of Rolling Contact bearings.  Clutches & Brakes: Design of plate clutches -cone clutches only. Band and Block brakes only

Belt drives - flat belts - Euler formula - V-belt  design - power calculation and selection - chain drive Spur & Parallel Axis Helical Gears: Speed ratios and number of teeth - Force analysis - Tooth stresses - Dynamic effects - Fatigue strength - Factor of safety - Gear materials - Design of straight tooth spur gears based on strength and wear considerations - Pressure angle in the normal and transverse plane.  Bevel Worm & Cross Helical Gears: Straight bevel gear: Tooth terminology

THEORY

Properties of fluids - definition - units of measurement - mass density - specific weight, specific volume - specific gravity equation of state - perfect gas - viscosity - vapour pressure - compressibility and elasticity surface tension - capillarity. Fluid pressure and measurement - simple, differential and micro manometers - Mechanical gages - calibration. Hydrostatic forces on surfaces - total pressure and centre of pressure - Horizontal - vertical and inclined plane surface - Pressure diagram - total pressure on curved surface. Archimedes principles - buoyancy - meta centre - metacentric height.

Types of fluid flow - velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle - Rotational - irrotational - circulation and vorticity - Flow pattern - stream line - equipotential line - stream tube - path line  - steak line - flow net - velocity potential - stream function. Principles of conservation of mass - energy - momentum - continuity equation in Cartesian co-ordinates - Euler equation of motion. 

Bernoulli equation - applications - Venturimeter - orifice meters - nozzle meter - rotameter - elbow meter - pitot tube - Orifice - sharp edged orifice discharging free - submerged orifice - mouth piece - Flow through orifice under variable head - time of emptying a tank with and without inflow. Flow through pipes - laminar and turbulent flow in pipes - Reynold experiment  - Darcy - Weisbach equation for friction head loss - Chezy formula - Manning formula - Hazen-William formula - Major and minor losses in pipes - hydraulic gradient line - energy gradient line. Siphon - water hammer in pipes - gradual and sudden closure of values

Types of flow in channel - uniform flow - most economical section of channel - rectangular - trapezoidal. Specific energy and critical depth - momentum in open channel flow - specific force - critical flow - computation. Flow measurement in channels - notches - rectangular, Cippollette and triangular - float method - Flow measurement in rivers/ streams/ canals - weirs - free and submerged flow - current meter - Parshall flume.

Dimensional analysis - concept of geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity. Important non-dimensional numbers - Reynolds, Froude, Euler, Mach and Weber. Pump terminology - suction lift, suction head, delivery head, discharge, water horse power - selection of pump capacity. Centrifugal pumps - components - working - types of pumps and impellers - Priming - cavitation  - specific speed - characteristics curves. Turbine and submersible pumps - Jet pump - jet assembly - Other pumps - Air lift pump - reciprocating pump - sludge pump and vacuum pump - Hydraulic ram

THEORY

Curves used in engineering practices - Conics - Construction of ellipse, Parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method - Construction of cycloid - construction of involutes of squad and circle - Drawing of tangents and normal to the above curves - Free hand sketching - Representation of Three Dimensional objects - General principles of orthographic projection - Need for importance of multiple views and their placement - First angle projection - layout views - Developing visualization skills through free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial views of objects.

Projection of points and straight lines located in the first quadrant - Determination of true lengths and true inclinations - Projection of polygonal surface and circular lamina inclined to both REFERENCES planes

Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder and cone when the axis is inclined to one REFERENCES plane by change of position method

Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position by cutting planes inclined to one References plane and perpendicular to the other - Obtaining true shape of section - Development of lateral surfaces of simple and truncated solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones - Development of lateral surfaces of solids with cylindrical cutouts, perpendicular to the axis.

Principles of isometric projection - isometric scale - isometric projections of simple solids, truncated prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones. Perspective projection of prisms, pyramids and cylinders by visual ray method.

THEORY

Simple Stresses and Strains - Hooke Law - Modulus of Elasticity - Principle of Superposition - bars of varying sections - thermal stresses and strains - Elastic Constants - Poisson Ratio -  Bulk Modulus - Shear Modulus - interrelationships - Strain Energy and Impact Loading - Proof Resilience - Modulus of Resilience - Principal Stresses and Strains - Oblique sections - Analytical method - Graphical method (Mohr’s Circle method).

Centroid and Centre of Gravity - geometrical considerations - method of moments - Plane (laminae) sections - symmetrical sections - unsymmetrical sections - solid bodies and sections with cut our holes - Moment of Inertia - Routh rule - method of integration - Theorem of Parallel axes - Theorem of Perpendicular axes - geometric sections - solid and hollow sections - composite and built-up sections.

Structures built of Frames - Types of Frames - Perfect and imperfect frames - deficient and redundant frames - Loads and stresses - Method of Joints - Method of sections - Graphical method - Bow’s notations - polar diagram - funicular polygon - vector diagram - cantilever trusses - freely supported trusses - King Post and Queen Post Trusses.

Cantilever beams and simply supported beams - continuous beams and overhanging beams - Uniformly distributed load and gradually varying load - Shear Force and Bending Moment distributions - Theory of Simple Bending - Bending stress - modulus of section - deflection in beams and cantilevers - Double integration method - Macaulay’s method.

Columns and struts - Slenderness ratio - Buckling and crushing - Euler Column theory -  applications - Rankine formula - Johnson formula - Indian Standards - Shells - Cylindrical and spherical shells - thin and thick shells - Shafts - torsion in circular shafts - Polar Moment of Inertia - strain energy due to torsion.

THEORY

Principles and basic concepts, objects and uses of surveying - classification and basic methods of surveying - Types of chains, Ranging rod, Ranging - Direct and Indirect methods - Method of  Chaining on level and sloping ground - Obstacles in chaining.

Principles of chain surveying - selection of survey stations and lines - Offsets - types, Measurement - cross staff and optical square - Steps involved in Chain Survey - Reconnaissance, Index sketch, References sketch, Booking entries in field book - Plan and Map, Scale - Plain and Diagonal - Testing of Chain, Degree of accuracy in chaining, Errors and compensation - cumulative, mistakes - Determination of limiting length of offset and problems  

Area computation, Mid - Ordinate rule, Average ordinate rule, Trapezoidal rules, Simpson rule and Coordinate method of finding area - Computation of volume.

Basic terminologies of Compass traversing - Prismatic and Surveyors Compass - Checking the accuracy of traverse - Errors and mistakes in Compass survey - Plane tabling - instruments and accessories - Radiation, Traversing, Orientation - Intersection and Resection.

Levelling - definition - types of Benchmarks - different types of levels - optical principle - lenses - telescopes - Basic principles of leveling - different methods of reduction of levels - types of levelling - Theory of simple, compound, precision, profile, cross sectional and reciprocal levelling - Contouring - definition - contour characteristics - direct and indirect methods - gradient contour - uses - Minor instruments, Hand level - Clinometer - Abney level - Planimeter - Theodolite types - adjustments - setting up - reading angles - measurements - Area and elevation determination.

THEORY

Rocks - Classification - Stones - characteristics and testing - Clay products - Bricks - properties, classification, manufacturing and testing of bricks.  Sand - Sources - Characteristics, grading and  bulking of Sand. Timber - qualities and defects. Metals - Ferrous and Non-ferrous - material substitution.

Lime - types - properties and storage - calcination. Cement - Raw materials - types - manufacture of cement - wet and dry process - Storage.  Mortar - types - Concrete - methods of preparation - RCC - advantages. 

Masonry - general principles - Stone, Rubble and Ashlar masonry - Selection - Tools for stone masonry - Brick masonry - Classifications of bonds - English and Flemish bond. 

Foundation - Bearing capacity of soils - foundation requirements - causes of failure - types of foundations. Walls - classification - Painting and distempering - Roofs and Trusses - classification. Floors - types of floor.  Dampness - methods of damp proofing.

Preparation of building plans - PWD schedule of rates - Procedure and methods of estimation - two wall method, four wall method and centre line method - detailed estimate - abstract estimate - data sheet. 

THEORY

Basic electrical quantities - specific resistance - temperature coefficient - DC circuits - Kirchoff laws - Thevenin, Superposition theorem - star delta transformation.

Concept of magnetic circuit - inductance, self and mutual - laws of electromagnetic induction - simple loop generator - induced emf - DC generators, shunt, series and compound - DC motors -torque equation - types of motors and characteristics.

Single phase AC circuits and basics - RMS and average quantities - Phasor representation - Three phase AC circuits - reasons for use of three phase systems - star and delta for generation and load - power factor and improvement - power and energy measurement - single phase transformer basics - construction and characteristics. 

Electric motors, types and classification - three phase induction motors - construction - principle - characteristics - single phase motors - types - principle. 

Principles of electrification - Electrical Distribution system - prudent energy use - Fault diagnosis and repair in Electrical machineries - Alternate energy generation and use - Electrical equipment Maintenance

THEORY

Passive devices - semi conductor devices - transistors - diode circuits - amplifier circuits - oscillator circuits - thyristor circuits. 

Integrated circuits and operational amplifier - logic gates - flip flop - counters - digital to analog - analog to digital converters - microprocessor introduction.

General measurement systems - static and dynamic characteristics of instruments - transducer elements - basic input circuits. 

Transducer for motion measurement - force measurement - torque and power measurement - pressure and temperature measurement - flow measurements - pH, humidity, speed measurement using photo electric & reluctance principles

Automatic process control system and controllers - programmable logic controllers - introduction - computerized data acquisition system.

THEORY

Water pollution - definition - water pollutants - physical - chemical - biological pollution of water - types of water pollution - groundwater pollution - surface water pollution - sea water pollution. Sources of water pollution - sewage and domestic wastes - industrial effluents -agricultural discharges. 

Classification of water pollutants - inorganic pollutants and toxic metals - organic pollutants -pesticide pollutants - gaseous pollutants - eutrophication - types - effects - control. detergents - toxic metals - siltation - thermal pollutants - radioactive materials.

Analysis of water pollutants -chemical and physical examination of water - colour - turbidity -odour - taste - nitrate and nitrite - acidity - alkalinity - chloride and fluoride - Measurement of toxic chemical substances - Beryllium - Cadmium - Cromium - Copper - Iron - Lead - Manganese - Selenium - Mercury - arsenic. 

Point Source Dilution - Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature - Dissolved oxygen saturation - Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis – Streeter - Phelps Oxygen Sag Formula - BOD Models  - Determination of deoxygenation rate and ultimate BOD - Temperature effect on K1 - Second-order reaction - Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K - Sediment Oxygen Demand -  Photosynthesis and Respiration - Natural Self - Purification in Streams - Oxygen sag curve - Critical point on oxygen sag curve - Apportionment of Stream Users -Methods - Velz Reaeration Curve - Stream DO Model - Procedures of pragmatic approach - Biological Factors - Calculation of bacterial density - MPN method

Water resources - surface water sources - groundwater resource potentials in India. Groundwater and its occurrence - types of aquifer -properties of aquifer materials – Steady -State Conditions - unsteady flow conditions - Equations of Ground-Water Flow - Determining aquifier characteristics from time drawdown data - Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions - Theis, Jacob and Hatsun method.

THEORY

Concept of Industrial Engineering - Role of Industrial Engineering - Application - Organization - Management - Role of managers - Evolution of Management thought - Organization - elements and principles - types - organization chart - departmentation - Authority - Delegation of authority.

Nature and purpose of planning - Planning process - Types of plans - Objectives - product planning - Process planning - Decision Making - Types of decision - Decision Making Process - Rational Decision Making Process - theory - techniques - Decision Making under different conditions - decision theory - cost analysis.

Concepts and factors governing - types of layout - plant layout procedure - Staffing - Selection and Recruitment - Orientation - Career Development - Career stages - Training - Performance Appraisal. Wage Payment - Methods of calculation - types of labour laws - types of taxes.

Definition and concept - objective and advantage of work study - objective of work measurement - man machine chart - Flow diagram - Operational analysis - P.E.R.T - C.P.M - application - Replacement analysis - Factors for replacement analysis - Methods.

Process of controlling - Types of control - Budgetary and non - budgetary control techniques - production control - routing and scheduling - dispatching - Cost Control - Purchase Control - Maintenance Control - Quality Control - Planning operations. Materials Management - Control charts and their applications.

THEORY

Evolution of Design Process - Linear and Cyclical Design - Systems Development - Technical Detailing and Documentation and Implementation – Synthovation / Regenerative Model - Sustainable Design - Models from Nature of Integrated Systems Design - Principles of Biomimicry - First Principles of science - Green Mechanics - Applications of Physics in Green Engineering. 

Environmental Dynamics - Transitions - Case studies - Intervention at the Source of Contamination, Point of Release, Contaminant, Controlling the Exposure and Point of Response - Applying Thermal Processes for Treatment - Formation of Unintended By - products - Pyrolysis - Emerging Thermal Technologies - Indirect Pollution - Biology as the Green Engineer Friend.

Green Architecture and the Sense of Place -  Sustainability -  Ethics of Place - Implementing Sustainable Designs - Sustainable Design and Social Responsibility - Managing Risks - Concurrent Design - Benchmarking - Sustainability Imperative - Green Practice - Social Responsibility - Environmental Justice - Environmental Impact Statements and the Complaint Paradigm - Professional Competence - Green Design- Carbon Sequestration - Sustainable to Regenerative Design.

Green buildings - First Principles - Relative and Absolute Green - Loads and Layers - Continuity - Holistic Design - Integrated Design - Affordability - Codes, Standards, and Guidelines - Community and Site Selection - Protection of Sensitive Sites - Site Waste Management -  Site Strategies and Energy Use - Site Water Conservation, Management, and Quality Enhancement - Building Shape - Near-Building Features -  Inner and Outer Envelopes - Walls -  Doors - Roofs - Floors - Unconditioned Spaces. 

Space Design to Minimize the Need for Lighting -  Efficient Lamps and Fixtures - Exterior Lighting - Hot and Cold Water -  Reducing Use - Rainwater Harvesting - Indoor Environmental Quality - Thermal Comfort - Acoustics - Heating and Cooling - Advanced and Emerging Systems - System Integration - Materials -  Using Less Material - Reused and Salvaged Materials -  Rapidly Renewable Materials - Refrigerants - - Less Waste through Material Use Efficiency - Schedules, Sequences, and Affordability - Commissioning Tests - Metering and Metrics.

THEORY

Water resources of India - surface water resources, groundwater resources - Hydrology -definition, importance of hydrologic study  Hydrologic cycle division - scope - Hydrologic data - Types, Hydrologic equation – Precipitation - Forms of precipitation -Types of precipitation - Precipitation measurements - Rain gauges - Types and its advantages & disadvantages - Estimation of missing rainfall data - Mean precipitation over the area Consistency - Adequacy of rain gauge - Analysis of rainfall data - Intensity - Duration - Frequency (IDF) Relationship ,  Depth-area-duration relationship.

Water losses -  Interception losses, evaporation, Transpiration - Evapo-transpiration - Factors affecting Evapo-transpiration - Measurement and Computation of evapo-transpiration – Infiltration - Mechanics of infiltration - infiltration indices - factors influencing infiltration - Infiltration equations - Measurement of infiltration – Runoff - definition, runoff process -   Types of Runoff - Factors affecting Runoff - Methodology  of  Runoff Computation, Runoff coefficient - Rational formula - Runoff computation - cook method, curve number method - Runoff computation by using infiltration indices,  empirical formulae - Classification of streams - basin characteristics

Flow duration curve - characteristics, flow mass curve, hydrologic water budget equation - Hydrograph - definition, Components of hydrograph, Factors affecting shape of hydrograph - Base flow separation methods, Straight line method, Recession curve method - Unit hydrograph - unit hydrograph theory - purpose of unit hydrograph - Derivation of unit hydrograph for multiple durations, instantaneous unit hydrograph, synthetic unit hydrograph.

Stream gauging - types of gauges - stream gauging methods - Stage discharge rating curve - Hydraulic structure methods - Weirs, flumes – Flood - classification - flood control techniques, Estimation-flood control, flood forecasting - Flood routing - Channel routing - Reservoir routing - Procedure - Sedimentation - Sediment yield - factors affecting sediment yield - mechanics of sediment transportation - Factors affecting Reservoir Sedimentation - Annual silting rates of reservoir - Problems caused by Reservoirs sedimentation - control measures for reservoir sedimentation.

Statistical and probability analysis of hydrological data - Elements of statistics-probability distribution - Rainfall and flood frequency models, Probability & Stochastic  methods - Mathematical models in Hydrology - Ground water Hydrology - geological formation, permeability  - Hydraulic Conductivity - Measurement of  Hydraulic Conductivity - Ground water flow equation

THEORY

An introduction to the legal system; Constitution, Acts, Rules, Regulations; Indian Judiciary, Doctrine of precedents, judicial review, Writ petitions, PIL–liberalization of the rule of locus standi, Judicial activism. Introduction to environmental laws in India; Constitutional provisions, Stockholm conference; Bhopal gas tragedy; Rio conference. General principles in Environmental law: Precautionary principle; Polluter pays principle; Sustainable development; Public trust doctrine. Overview of legislations and basic concepts.

Evolution and Jurisprudence of Forest and Wildlife laws; Colonial forest policies; Forest policies after independence Statutory framework on Forests, Wildlife and Biodiversity: IFA, 1927; WLPA, 1972; FCA, 1980; Biological Diversity Act, 2002; Forest Rights Act, 2006. Strategies for conservation–Project Tiger, Elephant, Rhino, Modulew leopard.

National Water Policy and some state policies Laws relating to prevention of pollution, access and management of water and institutional mechanism: Water Act, 1974; Water Cess Act, 1977, EPA, 1986. Pollution Control Boards Ground water and law Judicial remedies and procedures Marine laws of India; Coastal zone regulations. Legal framework on Air pollution: Air Act,1981; EPA, 1986

Legal framework on environment protection-Environment Protection Act as the framework legislation–strength and weaknesses; EIA; National Green tribunal The courts infrastructure projects

Legal framework: EPA and rules made thereunder; PLI Act, 199 Principles of strict and absolute liability

THEORY

Impact of development on environment and environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental impact statement (EIS), objectives- historical development - EIA capability and limitations

Methods of EIA - strengths, weaknesses and applicability - appropriate methodology -matrices and networks - identification methods

Socio economic impact - assessment of impact on land, water and air, energy impact; impact on flora and fauna; public participation - reports - exchange of information - post audit - rapid EI

Prediction and assessment of impact on water quality, air quality and noise; assumptions and limitations

Plan for mitigation of adverse impact on environment -options for mitigation of impact on water, air and land, flora and fauna; addressing the issues related to the project affected people

THEORY

Air Pollution Control - Air Pollution Effects - Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health Air Pollution Control Laws and Regulations - Emission Standard - Air Quality Standard 

Emission Estimates - Concentration Determination - Averaging - Standard Analytical Methods -  Isokinetic Sampling - Meteorology - Horizontal and Vertical Motion in the Atmosphere - Atmospheric Stability 

Fixed-Box - Diffusion model - Gaussian Plume Derivation - Plume Rise - Pollutant Creation and Decay in the Atmosphere Air Pollution Control - Process Change, Pollution Prevention - Downstream Pollution Control Device 

Fluid Velocities in Air Pollution Control Equipment - Minimizing Volumetric Flow Rate and Pressure Drop - Calculations on Inert Flow rates - Combustion - Combustion Kinetics - Mixing in Combustion Reactions - Volume and Composition of Combustion Products  - Nature of Particulate Pollutants -  Settling Velocity and Drag Forces - Stoke Law - Particle Size Distribution Functions - Control of Primary Particulates - Wall Collection Devices - Centrifugal Separators - Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) -  Surface Filters- Depth Filters - Scrubbers for Particulate Control - Control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - Control by Prevention - Substitution, Process Modification, Leakage Control - Control by Concentration and Recovery 

Reduction Chemistry of Sulfur - Absorbers and Strippers - Removal of SO2 from Rich and  Lean Waste Gases - Control of Nitrogen Oxides - Zeldovich Kinetics of Thermal NO Formation - Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles - Tailpipe Emissions - Lean Operation - Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) - Reduce Flame Quenching - Speed the Warmup - Catalylic Treatment of Combustion Products - Air Pollutants and Global Climate - Global Warming - Greenhouse Gases

THEORY

Introduction of water supply projects - sources of water - surface and subsurface sources estimation of rate of demand and population - water treatment process - methods adopted. 

Plain sedimentation tanks - theory, types and design of tanks - coagulation - coagulants - feeding and mixing of coagulants. Filtration - theory and classification of filters - slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters- double filtration - dual media and multi media filters - upflow and biflow filters.  Water softening - temporary and permanent hardness - removal - lime soda, Zeolite process and demineralization process.

Conveyance  -  intakes - design and types - Pipe materials - stresses in pipes - corrosion in pipes - pipe accessories - head loss through pipes. Distribution of water - methods - pressure in distribution mains - systems of water supply - storage and distribution reservoirs - pipes in series and parallel - layout of distribution - design of distribution system

Introduction to sanitary engineering - definitions - collection and conveyance - methods of carrying refuse - systems of sewerage - quantity of sewage - dry weather flow - storm water - design of sewers - construction of sewers -materials, shapes and joints - laying and testing of sewers - ventilation, cleaning and maintenances of sewers. Natural methods of sewage disposal - disposal by dilution and land treatment - sludge disposal - methods of sludge disposal and digestion

Primary treatment - screens, grit chamber and detritus tanks - skimming and sedimentation tanks - filtration of sewage - contact beds, intermittent sand filters and trickling filter.  Activated sludge process - different types of aeration - design of septic tank and Imhoff tank.

THEORY

Domestic wastewater - grey water and dark water - Municipal or sanitary wastewater -Industrial wastewater - Wastewater flow rate assessment - Physical, chemical, biological, biochemical and microbiological characterization - Concentration of Solids - Fixed Solids and Volatile Solids -Dissolved solids and Suspended solids - Nitrogen and Phosphorus (Nutrients) - alkalinity and hardness - pollutants and contaminants (organic and inorganic) - Point sourceand non-point source pollution - heavy metals and toxicity - national and international ranges of safety for end uses.

Preliminary Treatment - design of sump and pump wells of pumping stations - Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) - design of approach channel - design of equalization basins - screen chamber - grit removal - Settling velocity - Flow through velocity - oil and grease trap -Primary Treatment - design of Primary Settling Tanks (PST) - Surface Loading rate (SLR) -Weir Loading rate (WLR) - Sludge removal  - Floatation - Effluent recirculation.

Secondary (Biological) Treatment - Aerobic processes - Suspended growth and attached growth mechanisms - design of Secondary Settling Tanks (SST) - Extended aeration system -Oxidation Ditch - Cage Rotors - Aerated Lagoons - Waste Utilization Ponds - Aerobic Ponds -Anaerobic Ponds - Facultative Ponds - Trickling Filters - Bio-towers - Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) - Advanced Treatment - Organic matter by BOD and COD measurements-NBOD and CBOD - Theoretical Oxygen Demand by stoichiometry - Ultimate BOD - evaluation of BOD reaction rate constants - Anaerobic Biological Treatment - Hydrolysis - Acidogenesis -Methanogenesis - Anaerobic reactors-Attached Growth mechanism - Packed bed reactor -Extended bed reactor - Fluidized bed reactor - Blanket reactor - Suspended growth -Complete Mix reactor - Contact Reactor - Membrane separation - Sequencing Bed Reactor (SBR).

Activated Sludge Process - RAS and WAS - Organic Loading rate - Microbial Kinetics - MLVSS - Food/Microbes Ratio - Mean Cell Residence Time - Bio-kinetic coefficients - specific growth rate - Yield Coefficient - Maximum substrate utilization rate constant - Half velocity constant -Endogenous decay coefficient - evaluation by regression analysis Sludge Treatment Concepts -Thickening - Dewatering - Drying - Digestion - incineration - wet oxidation - Volume-Weight relationships -Type designs of anaerobic sludge digester - design criteria - Aerobic digestion -Biosolids conversion - confirming manurial values and energy potential.

Impact of point source pollution and distributed pollutions on stream quality and eutrophication of lakes - Simple Phosphorus Model for Eutrophication - Ocean water contamination and endangerment of sea life forms - Effluent disposal in natural waters –Streams - Dissolved Oxygen variation in a stream -Streeter Phelps Equation - Effluent Irrigation in Sewage Farming - Sewage sickness - Controlling Atmospheric pollution in sewage treatment areas and effluent usage areas - Groundwater contamination suppression - Landfill location optimization - reuse and recycling norms.

THEORY

Sources and classification of municipal solid waste - Solid waste management system - Factors affecting solid waste management system - Health and Environmental effects of Solid Waste - SWM: Indian scenario -Characteristics and quantity of various wastes.

Waste Stream Assessment - Waste generation and composition - Waste collection - collection components - vehicles-operations routing - Transfer stations-types-capacity -viability - Waste collection system design - record keeping and monitoring.

Waste processing - purpose - size reduction - equipments, Component separation – techniques - selection, Municipal solid waste drying and dewatering, Source reduction -purpose - implementation - significance of recycling - planning- elements of recycling - Commonly recycled materials and process - Composting techniques - Bio gasification -  Environmental effects of composting and bio gasification, Incineration - Technologies-Environmental concerns , Energy recovery - Air emission and its control  - Equipments

Issues in waste disposal - options - criteria for selection - Sanitary landfills - principles -processes - Landfill gas emission - Leachate formation - Environmental effects of landfill - issues - Design of sanitary landfills - operation and monitoring 

Hazardous Waste - Identification - Classification - Characteristics, Hazardous Waste treatment - Physical and Chemical treatment - Thermal and Biological treatment, Problems on cost estimation of integrated solid waste management facility, Integrated Waste management Characteristics - Planning and Implementation

THEORY

Sources and classification of municipal solid waste - Solid waste management system - Factors affecting solid waste management system - Health and Environmental effects of Solid Waste - SWM: Indian scenario -Characteristics and quantity of various wastes.

Waste Stream Assessment - Waste generation and composition - Waste collection - collection components - vehicles-operations routing - Transfer stations-types-capacity -viability - Waste collection system design - record keeping and monitoring.

Waste processing - purpose - size reduction - equipments, Component separation – techniques - selection, Municipal solid waste drying and dewatering, Source reduction -purpose - implementation - significance of recycling - planning- elements of recycling - Commonly recycled materials and process - Composting techniques - Bio gasification -  Environmental effects of composting and bio gasification, Incineration - Technologies-Environmental concerns , Energy recovery - Air emission and its control  - Equipments

Issues in waste disposal - options - criteria for selection - Sanitary landfills - principles -processes - Landfill gas emission - Leachate formation - Environmental effects of landfill - issues - Design of sanitary landfills - operation and monitoring 

Hazardous Waste - Identification - Classification - Characteristics, Hazardous Waste treatment - Physical and Chemical treatment - Thermal and Biological treatment, Problems on cost estimation of integrated solid waste management facility, Integrated Waste management Characteristics - Planning and Implementation

THEORY

Introduction to climatic fluctuations and climate change. Climate change over India and World, issues on global climate change. IPCC assessment on climate change and International conventions, role of ocean in climate change and El nino effect, climate change and global desertification process, freak monsoon cyclone; flood, drought and cyclone. Causes of climate change - Global C, N, S and H cycles and greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases - CO2, CH4, NOx, CFCs etc. Change in concentrations of greenhouse gases in atmosphere, global warming potential, etc. Biotic and abiotic factors on production and emission of greenhouse gases from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Impacts of climate change on various systems: Agriculture, hydrology and water resources; terrestrial and fresh water ecosystems; coastal and marine ecosystems; human health; human settlements, energy, and industry; insurance and other financial services; climate change on crop diversification, loss of biodiversity, microbes and pest dynamics; climate change on weed management and soil fertility problems. 

GHG monitoring and measurement at atmosphere and different ecosystem. 

Climatic projections from different sources. Carbon sequestration potential of various sink. Mitigation options of greenhouse gases. Physiological and biochemical effects, avoidance and adaptation mechanisms in plants and animals. CO2 enrichment and plant response, change in quality and quantity of crop produce. Adaptation to climate change - types and improvement, developing adaptation strategies through crop simulation models.  Government policies on Climate change.

Definition, introduction to natural and manmade disaster, Levels of disasters, History on natural disasters in India, Disaster phenomena and events (global national and regional), Concept of risk, hazard, and vulnerability.) Hydro meteorological Disasters: Floods and flash floods: General characteristics, causes, nature and frequency of flooding, floodplains, flood hydrographs, river and coastal floods, lake outburst, cloud burst; Droughts: Causes, classification - agricultural, hydrological and meteorological droughts; drought frequency and intensity; Cyclones and Tsunami: Structure and nature of cyclones and tsunami, characteristics, factors, hazard potential; Frost, heat and cold waves: cause, intensity and extent of frost, heat and cold waves and its impact on agricultural crops. Geological disaster - Landslides: causes, susceptibility to landslides and slope failures; Manmade Disasters: chemical hazards, nuclear hazards, forest fire, oil spill and road accidents

THEORY

Bioprocess development - Enzyme Kinetics - Reaction rate and yield - Mechanistic Models - Enzyme Inhibition - Models for More Complex Enzyme Kinetics -Theoretical and overall yields - Effect of pH and Temperature - Immobilized Enzyme Systems - Biocatalysis - Large-scale Production of Enzymes Industrial Utilization of Enzymes.

Microbial Growth - Quantifying Cell Concentration - Growth Patterns and Kinetics - Effect of environmental Conditions - Heat Generation by Microbial Growth - Cell kinetics and cell mortality - Stoichiometry of microbial growth and product formation - Elemental Balances - Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients  - Models of Microbial Growth - Quantifying Growth Kinetics - The Ideal Chemostat.

Bioreactor Design - Choosing the Cultivation Method - Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors - Multistage Chemostat Systems - Fed-batch Operation - Perfusion Systems -Immoboiized Cell Systems  - Active Immobilization of Cell - Passive Immobilization: Biological Film - Diffusional Limitations - Bioreactor Considerations in Immobilized Cell Systems.

Mass transfer - Molecular diffusion - convective mass transfer  - Liquid - liquid, gas - liquid and solid - liquid - Cellular oxygen demand - Estimating demand - Measurement of kLa -Methods - Heat transfer equipment in bio processing - Sterilization of Process Fluids and Gases - Kinetics of Death - Unit operations - Filtration, Centrifugation, Cell disruption, Two phase liquid extraction, Adsorption, Chromatography -theory and equipment

Scale up and Scale down of bioreactors - scale down models for validation - Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control  -  Instrumentation. 

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Energy Analysis  A new field of study, Final energy use, useful energy, end-use by  purpose, shorter period and regional balances  fuel use survey, energy models, energy balances, the system boundary   Energy and non-energy flows, commercial and non-commercial energy  sources, energy industries and other industries, energy production and distribution  Boundaries between flows and stocks, top-down and bottom-up balances. Renewable energy credit schemes, statuary requirements, activities of various states in this regards, tariff determination issue, National Solar Mission, Regulations regarding grid interconnections of renewable energy systems.

Integrated framework for energy pricing   Basic pricing principles   Short run versus long run marginal cost pricing, peak load and seasonal  pricing  Energy Prices and Markets   Pricing of Exhaustible Resources   Economic regulation of energy markets. Concepts of energy intensity and elasticity   Statistical tools and techniques for demand forecasting scenarios  development  Interpretation of results and policy implications.

Economics of discount rate, concept of net present value, incremental  costs and benefits, cash flow analysis  Private and social costs. Discussion on investing in energy projects   Financial and economic analysis of energy technologies   Short run and long run implications of conventional energy systems.

Quantitative modelling frameworks   Review of various energy sector models   Concepts in modelling energy resources   Technological developments   Energy modelling in the context of climate change.

Scope and challenges in implementing off grid solutions  Policy- regulatory Framework for rural electrification  Relevant policies and frameworks in other countries-  Recent off grid programs started by Govt. of India for enhancing the rural - electrification through off-grid solutions  DDG scheme under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana  (RGGVY)  Remote Village Electrification Program   Village Energy Security Programme (VESP)   Off grid programme under JNNSM. Organizational structure, key developments and changes in India’s  energy policies and planning in the context of energy efficiency and environmental concerns, regulatory frameworks and reforms across various energy sectors, success stories, failures and lessons learnt.

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Modern Wind Energy -  Modern Wind Turbines - History of Wind Energy - Wind Characteristics -  Wind Data Analysis -  Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates - Wind Prediction and Forecasting - Wind Measurement and Instrumentation.

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines - One-dimensional Momentum Theory - Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine - Aerodynamics of Airfoils - Blade Design - Blade Element Theory - Generalized Rotor Design - Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines - Mechanics and Dynamics -  Wind Turbine Loads - Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response.

Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines - Basic Concepts of Electrical Power  - Electrical Machines Methods of Generating Synchronous Power - Induction Machine - Asynchronous Electrical generators - Permanent magnet generators - AC generators - self-excitation - Asynchronous loads Power Converters -  Electrical Aspects of Variable Speed Wind Turbines Wind Turbine Materials and Components - Machine Elements - Principal Wind Turbine - Wind Turbine Design and Testing - Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications - Design Evaluation. 

Wind Turbine Control - Supervisory Control -  Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation.

Wind Turbine Siting - Installation and Operation Issues - Wind Farms - Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids -Wind Energy Applications -  Distributed Generation - Hybrid Power Systems - Energy Storage - Wind Energy System Economics -  Capital Costs - Operation and Maintenance Costs - Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts - Wind Turbine Noise - Electromagnetic Interference Effects.

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Wood - peat - lignite - bituminous - anthracite - composition - characteristics - petrography - washing - classification of coal - storage - pulverized coal - briquetted coal - uses - selection of coal - mineral matters - weathering index - HGI index - properties  - classification - carbonization - by products recovery.

Petroleum products - introduction - origin - composition - classification - constituents - processing of crude oil - cracking -reforming - polymerization -isomerization - carbonization of coal-coke making - Low Temperature Carbonization - High Temperature Carbonization.

Purification - properties - coal tar fuels - refining - anti-knock - Octane number - aniline point - diesel index - performance number - coal tar fuels - properties - liquefaction of coal - Other Liquid fuels - Benzol, Shale oil etc., - storage and handling.

Gas from underground gasification of coal - natural gas - liquefied petroleum gas - refinery gas - blast furnace gas - coke-oven gas - steel plant gas - coal gasification gas - oil gasification gas - Producer gas - factors affecting the composition of producer gas - thermal efficiency of gas producers - problems - water gas - carbureted water gas. 

Burners for liquid and gaseous fuels - selection of burners - combustion system and burner components - vaporizing oil burners - comparative study of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels - fossil fuels storage and handling - standards.

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Solar energy potential in India - National Solar Mission - Solar spectrum - solar constant - solar radiation - beam, diffuse and global radiation - terrestrial and extra terrestrial regions - instruments for measuring solar radiation - air mass calculation - solar radiation geometry - basic earth sun angles - terms and definitions - declination - zenith angle - azimuth angle -altitude angle - empirical equations for predicting the availability of solar radiation - monthly average daily global radiation - solar radiation on horizontal surfaces, tilted surfaces.

Principle of FPC - absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity - ζα product - components of FPC - Overall loss coefficient and heat transfer correlations - collector efficiency - effects on various parameters on performance - selective absorber surfaces and its characteristics -  Solar cooker - principle and its operation - types - liquid collectors - solar water heaters - types -FPC and ETC - applications and design - solar passive and active systems - solar dryers -principle and applications - domestic, farm, agro-industrial applications - quality aspects of dried products - parameters for crop drying - solar still - solar pond - working principles -applications.

Concentrating collectors - working principle - types - line and point focus - thermal - tracking devices and methods - dish, scheffler, parabolic trough, linear Fresnel - performance - central receiver collectors - heliostats - receiver geometry and applications - solar cooking -fluid heating - thermic fluids properties - solar thermal power plants - design considerations -applications - case study.

Solar PV cell - physics of PV cell - semiconductors -I-V characteristics of a solar cell - Isc, Voc, Imax, Vmax curve - efficiency - fill factor - cell performance - Module characteristics - l osses -parallel and series combinations - silicon PV cells - types - thin film technology - new developments in silicon technology -Indian and global context -Balance of Systems - battery  - principles - types - charging and discharging cycles - components - charge controllers -inverters  - selection and sizing of BOS - PV system load sizing and calculations - applications.

Solar PV applications - Solar Lantern - Solar Street Lighting systems - solar stand alone PV systems - solar refrigerator - solar powered fencing - grid connected PV system - components and design - Solar photovoltaic technologies in buildings - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) - role - case study in BIPV - design of standalone PV systems - grid connected power plants - solar power plant costing - potential and achievements in India & world - Utility interactive PV systems - national policy.

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Introduction - classification of fuels - physico-chemical characteristics - renewal energy sources- biomass energy scenario - processes - characteristics analysis - Thermogravimetric analysis - Briquetting. Biomass and its availability - Biogas technology - overview - basics of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) - feedstocks and their characteristics. Biodegradation and biodegradability of substrate - BOD - Biochemistry, Microbiology and kinetics of Anaerobic Fermentation. Analysis of factors affecting biogas yield.

Combustion - principles - stoichiometry - excess air-gravimetric and volumetric analysis.  Improved chulhas -cogeneration - Furnaces - classification - heat transfer - heat balance calculations - insulating and special refractories - cofiring.

Pyrolysis process - types -Reaction mechanism of pyrolysis - char production. Bio - oil production - chemicals and fuels production. Upgrading of pyrolysis products -refining of pyrolysis products - Biochar and activated charcoal - torrified wood -applications.

Gasification - chemistry of gasification-types of gasifiers-principles of operation - Factors affecting gasification process. Fluidized bed gasifiers - principle-applications - Liquid fuel production from syngas. Biogas plants - types - advantages and disadvantages - Design of digester - size based on energy - Scaling of biogas plants - optimal design of KVIC - Design of fixed dome digesters - material estimation for fixed dome plants - selection of type and size of reactors and their specifications - design specification for Deenabandhu biogas plants - other demonstrative designs - other parts of biogas plants and their functions - Constructional aspects - operational problems in biogas plants.

Biofuels - types - biodiesel - biodiesel as an alternative to diesel engine fuel - sources of biodiesel – transesterification - fuel properties of biodiesels - advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel. Engine combustion process and combustion - engine performance tests. Bioethanol as a transportation fuel - alcohol fuels - fuel characteristics - advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol - feedstocks for ethanol production. Major components of lignocellulosic biomass - different pretreatment methods - Enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation - separate hydrolysis and fermentation - simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

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Process Control Systems - Pressure, Hydraulic, Pneumatic Systems - Process Control – Open - loop Control - Closed loop Control - variables - Process Time Lag - Set point Regulator - Set point Follow-up Systems - Controller - Modes of Control - On-off Operation - Proportional Control - Integral Control - Proportional Plus Integral Control - Derivative Control - Proportional Plus Derivative Control - Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Control  - Codes, Standards, and Symbols.

Energy Source - Transmission Path - Control - loads - Indicators - Fluid Flow Characteristics - Compression of Fluids - Industrial Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems - Oil-Free Pneumatics - Static Pressure Systems - Pressure System Components - Review of Pumps and compressors - Conditioning components -  Pressure, Directional and Flow Control - Load Devices - Linear and Rotary Actuators - Motors - Indicators.

Thermal Process Systems - Industrial Fossil-Fuel Heat Sources - Temperature System Controllers - System-component Placement - Thermal-system Controller Selection - Modes of Control - Load Control - Temperature Instrumentation - Sensors -Thermo couples and thermo resistive systems -  Radiation Pyrometers - Infrared Thermometry - Level Determining Systems - Float Level, Displacement,  Electrical-conductivity and Capacitance Sensors - Radiation and Ultrasonic Level Determination - Piezoelectric  Transducers – Sludge - level Control Systems - Ultrasonic Bin-level Systems - Bubbler Level Systems - Pressure-sensitive Level Determination - Pressure-switching Level Control Systems - Weight-level Determination - Load-cell Weight Transducers - Photoelectric Level Control - Flow Process Systems - Differential-pressure Flow meter - Variable-area Flow meters - Magnetic Flow meters - Velocity Flow meters - Mass Flow meters.

Hardware - Architecture - Input/output - PLC Systems - IEC standards and PLC programming - Input/Output Devices - Mechanical Switches - Proximity Switches - Photoelectric Sensors and Switches - encoders - Output Devices - Relay - Directional valves - motors - stepper motors - Examples of Applications.

Ladder and Functional Block Programming - Ladder Diagrams - PLC Ladder Programming - Logic Functions - Latching - Multiple Outputs - Function Blocks - Program Examples - Location of Stop Switches - Programming Methods - Instruction Lists - Ladder Programs and Instruction Lists - Branch Codes - More Than One Rung - Structured Text programming - Designing Systems - Program Development - Flowcharts - Temperature Control - Valve Sequencing - Conveyor Belt Control - Bottle Packing - Automated Processes and Robotic Systems - Controllers -Non servo and servo robots - Manipulators and Actuators.

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Energy statistics in India and World - energy and environment - climate change - energy security - environmental issues - sustainable development - importance of energy conservation - EC Act-2001 and its features - Energy audit - definition - energy management approach - types of energy audit - energy costs - bench marking - fuel and energy substitution - energy auditing instruments - material and energy balance - Sankey Diagram and its use - energy action planning - force field analysis - energy policy - energy management location - roles and responsibilities of energy manager.

Financial analysis techniques - simple payback period -  ROI - NPV - IRR - financing options -case studies - role of ESCOs - scope of project - steps in project management - technical design - financing - contracting, implementation and performance monitoring -CPM and PERT - measurement & verification - elements of Monitoring & Targeting - data and information analysis techniques - energy consumption and production - CUSUM - Waste Heat Recovery systems - commercially viable WHR devices - performance and application  - saving potential.

Boilers - performance evaluation - direct and indirect method - analysis of losses - feed water treatment - blow down - energy conservation opportunities - Mechanism of fluidized bed combustion - retrofitting FBC system to conventional boilers - saving potential - properties of steam - assessment of steam distribution losses - steam leakages - steam trapping - condensate and flash steam recovery system - energy savings opportunities - furnaces - general fuel economy measures - excess air - heat distribution - temperature and draft control - WHR in furnaces - Insulation and refractory - types and application - economic thickness of insulation - thermal energy savings and application criteria - heat loss - Cogeneration - typical cogeneration performance parameters-energy saving potential.

Electric Power Supply Systems - electricity billing - load management and maximum demand control - benefits power factor improvement - performance assessment of PF capacitors - distribution and transformer losses - motors - losses - efficiency - factors affecting performance - rewinding and motor replacement issues - energy efficient motors - technical features - energy saving calculations - Compressor - components - efficient compressor operations - capacity assessment - leakage test - factors affecting the performance and efficiency - problems - HVAC systems - refrigerants selection - CoP - capacity - factors affecting performance and energy efficiency measures - Fans and blowers - types and applications - performance evaluation - system characteristics and fan curves - fan laws - efficient system operation - flow control strategies and energy conservation opportunities - pumps and pumping system - performance evaluation - system characteristics - pump curves - factors affecting pump performance - efficient system operation - pump suction performance (NPSH) - cooling tower - types and performance evaluation - efficient system operation - flow control strategies and energy assessment.

Lighting system - basic terms - choice of lighting - luminance requirements - methodology of lighting system energy efficiency study -  energy saving potential calculations - good practices in lighting - DG set system - factors affecting selection - energy performance assessment - diesel conservation avenues - electrical equipment control systems - MD controllers - automatic PF controllers - soft starters with energy saver - VSD - energy saving opportunities - energy efficient transformers - electronic ballast and magnetic ballast - occupancy sensors, energy efficient lighting controls - replacement options through renewable energy gadgets and devices - retrofitting - energy conservation opportunities - energy audit reporting format  - case study on industrial energy audit - designated energy consumers - steel, cement, pulp and paper fertilizer industries industry and other commercial plants - production process and energy conservation opportunities in agro industry - tea - dairy - sugar industries.

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Concept of power plant - classification - power development in India - resources for power generation - layout of steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel and hydel power plants. Review of thermodynamics cycles related to power plants. Steam generators - classification - types -constructional features. Steam condensers - advantages - classification - types. Mixture of air and steam - vacuum and condenser efficiency - air leakage and its effects in condensers - air pump. Cooling towers - natural and mechanical draft types - comparison.

Steam nozzles - types - flow through nozzle - nozzle efficiency - velocity of steam flowing - mass of steam discharge - diameters of throat and exit for maximum discharge. Steam turbines - classification - impulse turbines - velocity triangles for moving blade - Combined Velocity Triangle (CVT) - power produced - Effect of friction on CVT- CVT for axial discharge. Reaction turbine - components - pressure and velocity of steam - velocity triangles for moving blade - CVT - power produced - degree of reaction - height of blade. Efficiency of steam turbine - condition for maximum efficiency of an impulse and reaction turbine. Compounding of steam turbines - internal losses in turbines - governing of steam turbines. Reheating of steam - advantages - reheat cycle - reheat factor. Regenerative cycle - bleeding regenerative cycle with single and two feed water heater - Binary vapour plants - special turbines used in industries.

Gas turbines - comparison with steam turbine - classification - closed cycle gas turbines - gas turbine with inter cooling and reheating - Open cycle gas turbines - comparison of closed and open cycles - performance of gas turbine - thermal efficiency ideal and actual gas turbines - heat exchanger - efficiency - uses of gas turbines - Combined cycle power plants.

Diesel power plant - advantages and applications - operating principle - basic types of ic engines - performance of diesel engine - fuel system - lubrication system - liquid and solid lubricants - air intakes and admission system - supercharging system - types - advantages. Exhaust and cooling system - open cooling system - natural and forced circulation cooling system - diesel plant operation - efficiency. Pollution and its control - Environment pollution - harmful effects - noise pollution and its control - pollution due to liquid and solid fuel. Air and water pollution by thermal power plants - environment concerns and diesel power plants - method for pollution control - control of marine pollution.

Hydro electric power plants - run off - factors affecting runoff - hydrograph and flow duration curve - mass curve - site selection - essential features - calculations of water power- classification of hydro plant - power house and turbine setting - Underground power house. Prime movers - Pelton turbine - Francis turbine - recent development in Francis turbines - Kaplan turbine - Francis versus Pelton - governing of turbines - specific speed of turbine - draft tubes - output of reaction turbine without and with draft tube - Cavitation and limitation of turbine height above tailrace level - cavitation factor - methods to avoid cavitation - types of draft tubes - selection of turbine - rotational speed - specific speed - maximum efficiency - part load efficiency. 

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Project planning and report writing for the EEE 411 course.

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